摘要
浙江省位于中国东南丘陵北部,东濒东海,地处北半球中低纬度地区,受中亚热带季风气候控制。浙江东部地貌为盆地低山区,广泛出露了一套由多层玄武岩和河湖相沉积夹层构成的晚新生代陆相地层,即中新世嵊县组,其中在该套地层的硅藻土层、褐煤层、泥岩等岩层中保存了丰富而精美的陆生植物化石,如果实、种子和叶片以及比较罕见的花。本文对浙江省天台-宁海中新世嵊县组植物群植物大化石(果实、种子和叶片)进行了形态学和解剖学研究,确定了其合理的分类位置,综合前人对该地层其它化石点以及晚第四纪植物化石的研究资料,根据这些植物群的类群组成和其现存最近亲缘类群的气候参数以及中国植被叶缘-气候模型(Su et al.,2010),定性和定量恢复了浙东地区的中新世、晚更新世-全新世早期的古植被景观和古气候参数,探讨了浙江东部晚新生代气候变化趋势,并阐明了浙东新近纪化石产出层位的地质时代。
运用形态学和解剖学方法,比较了浙江天台-宁海地区中新世嵊县组植物群的常见化石(果实、种子和叶片)的形态和解剖特征,确定了该植物群主要化石类群的分类位置和亲缘类群,计裸子植物2科4属4种,被子植物8科12属16种(描述新种11种)；证实了该地区中新世植被类型为小叶阔叶常绿林,古植物区系为古热带第三纪植物区系和北极第三纪植物区系类型共有；复原了该地区中新世植被景观：山麓地带为常绿阔叶林、较高的山地为喜温凉针叶和落叶阔叶混交林以及竹林,揭示了当时植被具垂直分带性和一定的森林分层结构,与现在分布于我国东南各省的亚热带常绿阔叶林很相似。
基于浙江东部中新世嵊县组大化石植物群58个类群的现存最近亲缘类群的气候参数,通过共存分析法重建了浙江东部中新世古气候：年均温(MAT)16.3-20℃、最热月均温(WMT)24.7-28℃、最冷月均温(CMT)8.6-11.6℃、年较差(DT)15-17.4℃、年均降水量(MAP) 1160.9-1653.5 mm、平均最大月降水量(MMaP) 175-300.4 mm和平均最小月降水量(MMiP) 15.5-36.5 mm;基于浙江东部晚第四纪大化石植物群(普陀山、朱家尖和河姆渡)的46个类群,通过共存分析法重建了浙江东部第四纪古气候：年均温(MAT)15-17.3℃、最热月均温(WMT)23.4-25.1℃、最冷月均温(CMT)7.9-10.9℃、年较差(DT)15.3-21℃、年均降水量(MAP) 1206-1921.2 mm、平均最大月降水量(MMaP) 196-332mm和平均最小月降水量(MMiP) 31-64 mm;这些气候数据完全符合相应的东亚森林植被的生境,和目前浙江气候非常相似,但最冷月均温的下降和年较差的变大表明浙江东部自中新世以来冬季呈变冷趋势,暗示季风作用逐渐增强,这与全球新生代气候变化过程和现代东亚季风的形成及发展相吻合。
基于Su et al. (2010)根据中国植被所建立叶缘-年均温回归模型,获得浙江东部中新世年均温为19.3±2.0℃,与共存分析结果非常接近。两种方法恢复的气候数据能够相互印证表明该模型更适用于中国新生代植物群古气候研究,也表明本文气候数据可靠。
运用年代地层学、岩石地层学和生物地层学方法,结合同位素年龄、区域对比和植物化石组合资料的综合分析,厘定了浙江东部新近系含化石层位为嵊县组,时代为晚中新世。
Zhejiang Province belonging to the middle-low latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere, is located in northern Southeast Hills, China and adjacent to East China Sea, where a mid-subtropical monsoon climate prevails. A continental stratum, comprising many layers of basalt with intertrappean fluvial-lacustrine beds, outcrops in the basinal-hilly areas of eastern Zhejiang Province, and is called lithologically the Shengxian Formation that is confined to the Miocene based on the geological constraints of the basaltic dates and regional correlations. Many plant fossils are exquisitely preserved in this stratum, e.g., fruits, seeds and leaves as well as very rarely discovered flowers. The present paper examined the morphological and anatomical characters of the macrofossils (mainly fruits and leaves) from the Late Miocene flora of the Shengxian Formation in Tiantai-Ninghai areas of Zhejiang Province, established detailed, valid systematic positions for the studied fossil plants; employed the present taxonomic results in combination with the previously published records of the other coeval and Late Quaternary fossil floras, qualitatively and quantitatively reconstructed the paleovegetation landscapes and the paleoclimates during the Miocene and Late Pleistocene-Early Holocene using the coexistence approach (CA) based on the nearest living relatives (NLRs) of the floral elements and the leaf margin analysis (LMA) based on fifty humid to mesic Chinese forests (Su et al.,2010), discussed the climatic change during the Late Cenozoic, eastern Zhejiang Province, and elucidated the age of the Neogene fossiliferous layers.
The paper compared the morphological and anatomical characters of common fossil taxa from the flora with modern plants, assigned the common fossil plants to detailed, valid systematic positions:2 families 4 genera (at least 4 species) of conifers and 8 families 12 genera (at least 16 species, and 11 new species were described) of angiosperm, and recognized their living relatives; confirmed that the Miocene vegetation type is a notophyllous broad-leaved evergreen forest, and the paleofloristic type is both paleotropical-tertiary and arcto-tertiary; reconstructed that the Miocene vegetation landscape is a broad-leaved evergreen forest in the piedmont zone, a warm temperate/cool coniferous and broad-leaved deciduous forest as well as a bamboo forest in the higher hills or at the peaks; indicated that the Miocene forest has the vertical variation and a simple multistratified structure, which are similar to the modern subtropical broad-leaved evergreen forest distributed in Southeast China.
The paper reconstructed the paleoclimate of the Miocene and Quaternary in eastern Zhejiang Province using the CA based on 58 NLRs of the fossil taxa from the Miocene Shengxian Formation and 46 NLRs of the fossil taxa from the Quaternary floras, respectively; and the Miocene climatic intervals are a MAT of 16.3-20℃, a WMT of 24.7-28℃, a CMT of 8.6-11.6℃, a DT of 15-17.4℃, a MAP of 1160.9-1653.5 mm, a MMaP of 175-300.4 mm and a MMiP of 15.5-36.5 mm, and the Quaternary climatic intervals are a MAT of 15-17.3℃, a WMT of 23.4-25.1℃, a CMT of 7.9-10.9℃, a DT of 15.3-21℃, a MAP of 1206-1921.2 mm, a MMaP of 196-332 mm and a MMiP of 31-64 mm. The calculated values are consistent with the temperature parameters of the corresponding forests of East Asia, and similar to the present climate in Zhejiang, while a decreasing CMT and an increasing DT from the Miocene to present indicate that the winter in eastern Zhejiang has been cooling and the monsoon has been strengthening, which coincide with the global Cenozoic climatic change and the origin and evolution of the modern East Asian monsoon.
The paper used the Chinese equation established by the LMA based on fifty humid to mesic Chinese forests (Su et al.,2010), developed a MAT of 19.3±2.0℃in the Miocene, Zhejiang, which can overlap with the results of the CA. The corroborated climatic reconstruction estimated from the CA and LMA suggest that the present results are reliable and the Chinese equation is much more suitable for the climatic reconstruction of Chinese Cenozoic floras.
The paper combined the publications of isotopic dates and regional stratigraphic correlation with those of plant fossil assemblages, and ascertained that the fossiliferous layer is confined to the Late Miocene Shengxian Formation using the chrono-, litho-and biostratigraphic techniques.
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