摘要
我国是世界上最大的畜禽养殖生产国之一,同时也是大豆源蛋白饲料的需求大国。蛋白质含量是蛋白饲料的主要营养指标,饲料中若含有禁用的三聚氰胺等非蛋白氮掺假物将致使动物泌尿系统产生结石、肾衰竭、膀胱结石甚至膀胱癌导致死亡。国内外学者采用化学分析等方法能够有效检测饲料中三聚氰胺/三聚氰酸,但现有方法自动化程度低,对样本有破坏性,对环境有污染性,分析过程复杂且成本高,而其他光谱分析法对饲料中多目标物的同步分析能力有限。本文开展大豆源蛋白饲料原料中三聚氰胺/三聚氰酸的近红外显微成像分析方法研究,为饲料中非蛋白氮检测提供新途径,为开发基于图像和光谱信息的蛋白饲料原料和饲料产品中其他更多非蛋白氮掺假物的分析研究提供了参考,也对饲料安全品质在线分析系统的开发研究,促进饲料自动化检测技术发展具有重要意义。论文取得的主要创新性成果有：
(1)通过对近红外显微成像仪器参数的单因素、多因素方差分析,并综合考虑图像质量、采集效率和含有1%质量分数且不同粒度三聚氰胺的掺假大豆源蛋白饲料原料样本的分析效果,得出推荐采用的近红外显微成像仪器参数条件是空间分辨率=25μm×25μm,干涉仪动镜移动速度=1cm/s,光谱分辨率=32cm-1,扫描次数=4次。
(2)通过对不同厚度大豆源饲料原料颗粒下三聚氰胺颗粒的近红外线显微成像分析,得出被颗粒厚度在100μm以上大豆源饲料原料覆盖的三聚氰胺颗粒将较难被检测出来：通过对不同类别大豆源饲料原料中三聚氰胺的分析,得出不同类别间分析效果差别较大；通过对不同粒度大豆源饲料原料中三聚氰胺的分析,得出粒度小于500μm时三聚氰胺分析效果差别较小。
(3)基于近红外显微图像,采用偏最小二乘判别分析、支持向量机判别分析、多元曲线分辨-交替最小二乘结合图像二值化分割,结果大豆源蛋白饲料原料中含量高于0.050%的三聚氰胺被检测出来,对三聚氰胺含量为0.050%-5.000%(w/w)大豆源蛋白饲料原料定量分析所得的三聚氰胺含量值与制备样本的含量值线性回归,得到决定系数R2分别是0.9336、0.9426、08820。多元曲线分辨-交替最小二乘结合图像二值化分割对大豆源蛋白饲料原料中三聚氰酸定性分析结果是大豆源蛋白饲料原料中含量高于0.050%的三聚氰酸被检测出来,对掺入0.050%-5.000%(w/w)三聚氰酸的大豆源蛋白饲料原料定量分析预测的三聚氰酸含量值与制备样本的三聚氰酸含量值线性回归的决定系数R2=0.9367。
(4)基于近红外显微图像,采用多元曲线分辨-交替最小二乘法建立了大豆源蛋白饲料原料中三聚氰胺、三聚氰酸的同步分析模型,再结合图像二值化分割方法对样本中的三聚氰胺和三聚氰酸进行定性分析,试验结果表明该方法可有效的同步分析出大豆源蛋白饲料原料中的三聚氰胺和三聚氰酸,检测限是0.050%；分析模型对三聚氰胺和三聚氰酸含量均为0.050%-2.000%(w/w)的掺假大豆源蛋白饲料原料进行定量分析,结果得出的三聚氰胺和三聚氰酸含量值与制备样本的含量值进行线性回归的决定系数分别是0.8952和0.7787。
China is one of the largest producing countries of livestock and poultry breeding in the world, and also a soy source protein feed demanded country. Protein content is the main nutrition indicator of the protein feed. Feed contains forbidden nonprotein nitrogen adulterant such as melamine will cause urinary tract stones, renal failure, bladder calculi bladder cancer even lead to death. Scholars at home and abroad can effectively detect melamine/cyanuric acid in feed using chemical analysis methods, but the methods have the disadvantages of the low automatic degree, the destructiveness to the sample, the pollution to the environment, the complex analysis process and the high cost. Moreover, for the other spectral analysis methods, the synchronous analysis ability of multiple target objects in feed is limited. This thesis carried out the analysis method research of melamine/cyanuric acid in soy source protein feed materials using near infrared microscopy imaging. The research provides a new idea for nonprotein nitrogen analysis in feed. The research also provides a reference for the development of other more nonprotein nitrogen adulterant analysis in protein feed materials and feed products based on image and spectral information. The research is significant to the on-line analysis system development of feed safety quality and promoting the development of feed automated analysis technology. The main innovation achievements obtained as followed.
(1) Based on the variance analysis of single factor and multi-factor of near infrared microscopy (NTRM) imaging instrument parameters and considering the image quality, NIRM image collection efficiency and the analysis results of the soy source protein feed materials containing1%(w/w) different particle size melamine adulterant, the final instrument parameters were recommended as follows:pixel size=25μm, interferometer speed=1cm/s, resolution=32cm-1, scans per pixel=4.
(2) Based on the research of near infrared microscopy imaging analysis of the melamine particle covered by different thickness soy source protein feed materials particles, it is concluded that the melamine particles covered by the particles with thickness more than100μm will be detected difficultly. The analysis of melamine in different varieties soy source protein feed materials found that the analysis effect had a great difference. Based on the melamine analysis in different soy source protein feed materials with different particle size, it is concluded mat the melamine analysis effect had a small difference when the particle size is less than500μm.
(3) Based on NIRM imaging, using partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), support vector machine discriminant analysis (SVM-DA), multivariate curve resolution-alternating least squares (MCR-ALS) and image threshold segmentation, The qualitative analysis of0.00025%～5.000%(w/w) melamine in soy source protein feed materials was carried out, and the melamine in soy source protein feed materials containing more than0.050%melamine have been detected. The quantitative analysis of0.050%～5.000%(w/w) melamine in soy source protein feed materials was carried out and the percentages of added melamine were correlated to the predicted melamine concentrations. The correlation coefficient (R2) of the PLS-DA, SVM-DA and MCR-ALS methods were0.936,0.9426and0882, respectively. Using NIRM imaging combined with (MCR-ALS) and image threshold segmentation, the qualitative analysis of0.010%～5.000%(w/w) cyanuric acid in soy source protein feed materials was carried out, and the melamine in soy source protein feed materials containing more than0.050%melamine have been detected. Based on the quantitative analysis of soy source protein feed materials containing0.050%～5.000%(w/w) cyanuric acid, the percentages of added cyanuric acid were correlated to the predicted cyanuric acid concentrations and the correlation coefficient (R2) was0.9367.
(4) Using NIRM imaging and MCR-ALS, the synchronous analysis model of melamine and cyanuric acid in soy source protein feed materials was built. Combined with image threshold segmentation, the qualitative analysis of0.050%～2.000%(w/w) melamine and cyanuric acid melamine in soy source protein feed materials was carried out, and the melamine in soy source protein feed materials containing more than0.050%melamine and cyanuric acid have been detected. The qualitative analysis results show that the method can synchronously analyze melamine and cyanuric acid in soy source protein feed materials effectively. Based on the quantitative analysis of soy source protein feed materials containing0.050%～2.000%(w/w) melamine and cyanuric acid, the percentages of added melamine and cyanuric acid were correlated to the predicted concentrations, and the correlation coefficient (R2) of melamine and cyanuric acid were0.8952and0.7779, respectively.
引文
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