摘要
养猪业的快速发展导致养猪废水的大量产生,给地区生态环境和居民健康带来了严重危害,实现养猪废水的无害化、资源化和减量化处理是保证产业可持续发展的基础,而现有的常规污水处理技术仅仅作为一种处理工艺实现废水的无害化处理,忽略了废水的资源化利用；另一方面,为缓解当前资源匮乏、能源紧缺的形势,微藻生物能源成为生物质能研究领域的热点之一,但如何降低微藻培养成本是实现微藻燃料商业化发展的关键。基于微藻培养的污水处理技术的出现,为同时实现养猪废水的无害化处理、资源化利用和降低微藻培养成本提供了可能,它将水质净化与高价值生物质生产相耦合,实现污水处理由处理工艺向生产工艺转变,所获得的微藻生物质可以用作生产生物柴油的原料,给养猪场创造经济效益,保障养猪场的可持续发展。但藻种的筛选和培养体系的构建是成功实现此处理技术的关键。本实验室从养猪场废水处理池内分离纯化了一株微藻,因此,课题主要围绕此徽藻的分离培养及其在养猪废水处理中应用的基础条件进行了探讨,为构建基于微藻培养的养猪废水处理技术体系提供基础依据,论文通过对微藻的分离鉴定及其理化性质测定、微藻培养条件的优化、微藻处理养猪废水的可行性及强化微藻处理养猪废水条件的研究,获得了以下主要结果：
(1)借助形态学和分子生物学手段,鉴定此微藻为栅藻,命名为Desmodesmus sp. CHX1,相关纯化藻株和序列基因已提交至中国微生物菌种保藏管理委员会普通微生物中心(保藏受理号：CGMCC No.6649)和Genebank (登录号：JX255841)；栅藻(Desmodesmus sp. CHX1)最佳光密度值为OD690,但OD690测定值不易超过0.7,在此测定范围内,光密度值与藻体干重间呈线性正相关关系(R2=0.9942)；正常培养条件下,栅藻(Desmodesmus sp. CHX1)在BG-11培养液中生长45天后达到生长稳定期,最高浓度达4.54g/1;培养4周后,栅藻(Desmodesmus sp. CHX1)细胞内C、N、H和Zn含量分别为45.7%、7.13%、7.90%知79.7mg/kg,Cu含量低于最低检测浓度；藻体总叶绿素含量为4.92mg/1,其中叶绿素a占总叶绿素含量的78.5%,类胡萝卜素含量为1.67mg/1;藻细胞总脂含量为12.1%-14.6%,脂肪酸成分中以C16-C18含量为主,占总脂肪酸含量的70.7%,适合作为生物柴油生产原料。此外,藻体粗蛋白含量为49.3%,在所测定的16种氨基酸成分中含有人体所必需的7种氨基酸,其中天冬氨酸含量最高,达27.2mg/g,总氨基酸含量为198.4mg/g,其中总必需氨基酸含量为5931mg/g,占总氨基酸含量的29.9%,也可作为养猪场部分蛋白饲料的替代品。
(2)混养培养方式最利于栅藻(Desmodesmus sp. CHX1)生长,而葡萄糖和NO3-N分别作为碳源和氮源时,最适宜于栅藻(Desmodesmus sp. CHX1)生物产量和Ch1(a+b)的积累；正交优化试验结果表明,在所测定的四个因素中,葡萄糖添加浓度对栅藻(Desmodesmus sp. CHX1)生长和油脂产率的影响最大,其次为藻细胞初始接种浓度,结合正交试验和单因子试验结果,筛选出最利于栅藻(Desmodesmus sp. CHX1)生长和油脂生产的培养条件组合为：葡萄糖浓度3g/l、培养液初始pH=10、细胞接种浓度5%(初始OD69o=0.08)、硝酸盐浓度2g/l；在此培养条件下,栅藻(Desmodesmus sp. CHX1)从适应期结束到稳定期只需5天左右,大大缩短了藻细胞培养时间；此外,曝气能显著增加栅藻(Desmodesmus sp. CHX1)细胞的生物产量、Chl(a+b)含量和油脂产量,且在所研究的曝气量范围内(16-160l/h,随曝气量的增加,上述指标均显著增加,培养7天后,在曝气量为160l/h,栅藻(Desmodesmus sp. CHX1)细胞的生物量浓度、Ch1(a+b)含量和油脂产率分别达到7.26g/l、60.5mg/l和128.7mg/1/d,这说明在栅藻(Desmodesmus sp. CHX1)培养过程中,适当的曝气利于微藻生长和油脂的生产。
(3)栅藻(Desmodesmus sp. CHX1)能在适度稀释的灭菌后养猪废水中存活并生长,培养12天后,最大生物量产率和比生长率分别达到196.7mg/1/d和0.279/d,对NH/4+-N、TP和COD的最大去除率分别为98.2%、80.4%和37.1%。因此,该栅藻(Desmodesmus sp. CHX1)具备应用于养猪废水处理的潜力,但在处理前,对养猪废水进行适当的稀释是保证栅藻(Desmodesmus sp. CHX1)快速生长和有效去除营养物质的前提,而在现今的商业运作模式中,稀释是商业化应用过程中的一大限制,因此,降低养猪废水对栅藻(Desmodesmus sp. CHX1)的抑制效应,寻找其他低成本的预处理方式以强化其商业化应用的可行性成为必要。
(4)直接空气吹脱可以作为一种简单有效的预处理方法应用于基于微藻培养的养猪废水处理技术体系中,以降低养猪废水中过高氨氮对微藻的生长抑制作用；而向不灭菌养猪废水中泵入含5%CO2的空气(即混养培养)时,栅藻(Desmodesmus sp. CHX1)的生长、油脂积累和废水中NH4+-N、TN、TP和COD、Cu、Zn等去除均得到显著加强。培养8天后,栅藻(Desmodesmus sp. CHX1)的生物量浓度、生物量产率和油脂产率分别高达7.91g/l、869.0mg/l/d和132.1mg/l/d(总脂含量15.2%),而废水中NH4+-N、TN、TP、COD、Cu和Zn等去除率分别为97.3%、87.9%、93.2%、41.8%、50.1%和30.1%。元素流分析结果表明,栅藻(Desmodesmus sp. CHX1)的直接吸收利用是废水中N、P和Cu、Zn去除的主要原因。混养培养后,栅藻(Desmodesmus sp. CHX1)细胞内N、P含量、C16-C18脂肪酸含量、粗蛋白含量和氨基酸含量均得到显著提高,其中N、P含量分别为9.55%和0.79mg/kg,粗蛋白和总氨基酸含量分别为59.7%和315.9μg/g (EAA/TAA为30.5%),C16-C18脂肪酸占总脂肪酸成分的83.11%。
Owning to the rapid development of pig husbandry, there is a dramatic increase in the swine wastewater, which brings a severe damage to the local ecological environment and health of the residents. It is a foundation for the sustainable development of the pig husbandry to realize the innocent, resourceful and reduction treatment of the swine wastewater. However, the current regular wastewater treatment technologies only focus on the innocent treatment of the wastewater, but neglect the resourceful utilization of the wastewater. On the other hand, in order to alleviate the situation in which there is a shortage of resource and energy, the microalgal bio-energy turns to be one of the hot spots in the research field of biomass energy, and how to lower the cost for microalgal cultivation is a key to realize the commercial development of the microalgal biofuel. The occurrence of wastewater treatment technology based on the microalgal cultivation makes it possible to realize the innocent treatment and resourceful utilization of swine wastewater and to lower the cost for microalgal cultivation. It couples the water purification with the production of valuable biomass, which realizes the transformation of wastewater treatment from treatment process to production technology, and the microalgal biomass obtained can act as the raw materials for producing the biodiesel, which can create economic benefit and guarantee the sustainable development of the pig farm. However, the selection of algae and construction of cultivation system are the keys to realize the treatment technology successfully. In this experiment, a microalgal in the wastewater treatment tank of the pig farm was separated and purified. Therefore, the project focused on the discussion about the isolated cultivation of microalgal and the basic conditions for its application in the swine wastewater treatment, which provided the information basis for the swine wastewater treatment technology based on the microalgal cultivation. The research contents mainly included the isolation and identification of the microalgal and determination of its physicochemical characteristics, the optimization of the microalgal cultivation conditions, feasibility of swine wastewater treatment based on microalgae as well as the strengthening in the condition of the microalgal swine wastewater treatment, etc. The following results have been obtained through experimental research:
(1) With the help of morphology and molecular biology approaches, this microalgal was identified as the Scenedesmus and named as Desmodesmus sp. CHX1. The related purified strain and gene sequence has already been submitted to the China General Microbiological Culture Collection Center (Accepted No. of the preservation: CGMCC No.6649) and Genebank (accession number:JX255841). The best optical density of the Desmodesmus sp. CHX1was OD690, but the measured value of OD690could not exceed0.7easily. Within this measuring range, there was a linear positive correlation between the optical density and the dry weight of the cells (R=0.9942). Under normal cultivation, the Desmodesmus sp. CHX1reached stable growth phase after growing in the BG-11culture solution for45days, with the maximum density4.54g/1. After four weeks, the contents of the C, N, H and Zn in the cell of Desmodesmus sp. CHX1were45.7%,7.13%,7.90%and79.7mg/kg, respectively, and the content of Cu was lower than the minimum detectable concentration. The total Chlorophyll was4.92mg/l, in which the Chlorophyll a accounted for78.5%of the total chlorophyll, while the content of carotenoid was1.67mg/l. The total lipid of the isolated alga was the range of12.1%-14.6%, and the content of C16-C18dominated in the fatty acid, accounting for70.7%of the fatty acid content, which could be used as the raw materials for the biodiesel. In addition, the crude protein content was49.3%, and there were7kinds of amino acid which were essential for the human body among the16kinds of amino acid, in which the content of aspartic acid was the highest, about27.2mg/g; the content of total amino acid was198.4mg/g, in which the content of essential amino acids were59.31mg/g, accounting for29.9%of the total amino acid. Also it could be taken as the substitutes of some protein feed in the pig farm.
(2) The mixotrophic cultivation was favorable for the growth of Desmodesmus sp. CHX1most. When the glucose and NO3-N were taken as the carbon and nitrogen source, respectively, it was favorable for the biological yield of the Desmodesmus sp. CHX1and the accumulation of Chl (a+b). The orthogonal optimization test had shown that within the four factors measured, the additive concentration of glucose had the biggest influence on the growth and oil production rate of the Desmodesmus sp. CHX1and the initial inoculation concentration ranked the second. According to the results of orthogonal test and single factor experiment, the combination of cultures that was most favorable for the growth and oil production rate of the Desmodesmus sp. CHX1had been selected, namely, the concentration of glucose was3g/1, the initial pH of the medium was10, the cell inoculation concentration was5%(initially, OD690=0.08) and the concentration of the nitrate was2g/1. In such a culture, it only took5days for the Desmodesmus sp. CHX1to reach the stable phase from the end of adaptive phase, which shortened the cultivation period greatly. As a result, the culture of Desmodesmus sp. CHX1seed could be prepared in the optimized cultivation condition. In addition, the aeration ccould increase the biological yield of the Desmodesmus sp. CHX1, the content of Chl (a+b) and oil production dramatically. Within the research scope (16-1601/h), the above mentioned index increased with the aeration quantity. After7days of cultivation, the biomass concentration of the Desmodesmus sp. CHX1cell, the Chl (a+b) content and oil production reached7.26g/1,60.5mg/1and128.7mg/l/d, respectively, when the aeration was1601/h, suggesting that during the cultivation of Desmodesmus sp. CHX1, proper aeration is favorable for the growth of microalgae and the accumulation of valuable additional materials.
(3) Desmodesmus sp. CHX1could survive and grow in the properly-diluted swine wastewater after sterilization. After12days of cultivation, the maximum biomass yield and growth rate reached196.7mg/l/d and0.279/d, respectively, while the maximum removal rate of NH4+-N, TP and COD reached98.2%,80.4%and37.1%, respectively. Therefore, Desmodesmus sp. CHX1has the potential of being applied into the swine wastewater. But before treatment, proper dilution of swine wastewater is a premise of guaranteeing the fast growth of Desmodesmus sp. CHX1and effective removal of nutritional ingredients. However, in the current commercial operation model, dilution is limited in the commercial application. Therefore, to decrease the inhibiting effect of swine wastewater on Desmodesmus sp. CHX1, other low-cost pre-treatment methods can be sought to strengthen the feasibility of its commercial application.
(4) Direct air stripping could be taken as a simple and effective pre-treatment applied in the swine wastewater treatment technology system based on the microalgal cultivation to decrease the inhibition of high ammonia and nitrogen in the swine wastewater on the microalgal. Besides, to pump the air with5%CO2(namely as the mixotrophic cultivation) into the unsterilized swine wastewater, the growth of Desmodesmus sp. CHX1, the accumulation of oil and the removal rate of NH4+-N, TN, TP, COD, Cu and Zn in the wastewater were strengthened remarkably. After8days of cultivation, the biomass concentration, biomass yield and oil production rate of Desmodesmus sp. CHX1were as high as7.91g/1,869.0mg/1/d and132.1mg/l/d (the content of the total oil is15.2%), while the removal rate of NH4+-N, TN, TP, COD, Cu and Zn in the wastewater was97.3%,87.9%,93.2%,41.8%,50.1%and30.1%respectively. The elementary stream analysis results had shown that, direct absorption and utilization of Desmodesmus sp. CHX1were the main causes of the removal of N and P, as well as Cu and Zn in the wastewater. After the mixotrophic cultivation, the content of N, P, fatty acid content of C16-C18, crude protein content and amino acid content in the cell of Desmodesmus sp. CHX1were improved greatly, in which the content of N and P was9.55%and0.79mg/kg respectively, while the crude protein content and total amino acid content are59.7%and315.9μg/g, respectively (EAA/TAA is30.5%), and the fatty acid content of C16-C18accounted for83.11%of the total fatty acid.
引文
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