摘要
超临界流体技术作为一种新型高效绿色化工技术在许多重要工业领域显示出了巨大的应用前景。超临界体系相平衡的研究是超临界流体科学与技术发展的重要组成部分。本文对固体溶质及其混合物在含夹带剂超临界流体中的相平衡进行了系统深入的实验和理论研究。论文主要研究工作如下：
（1）改进和完善了超临界体系相平衡研究的实验装置，采用流动法测定固体溶质在含夹带剂的超临界流体中的相平衡数据，并使用紫外分光光度计法分析单一及混合固体溶质在超临界流体中的溶解度。
（2）实验所用的超临界流体为CO2；测定了4种单一固体溶质的溶解度，包括:3,5-二硝基苯甲酸(3,5-DNBA)、3-硝基苯甲酸(3-NBA)、2-硝基苯甲酸(2-NBA)和3-氨基苯甲酸(3-ABA)；测定了3种混合固体溶质（质量比1:1）的溶解度，包括：3,5-DNBA+3-NBA、3,5-DNBA+2-NBA和3-NBA+3-ABA；夹带剂包括：乙醇、乙酸乙酯、乙二醇及正丙醇；实验温度分别为308K,318K和328K，压力范围为8.0-21.0MPa，夹带剂浓度分别为1.5mol%,3.5mol%和5.5mol%；共测定了273组实验数据。
（3）基于实验数据，考察了实验温度、压力、夹带剂的种类和浓度对单一及混合固体溶质在超临界CO_2中的溶解度的影响；定义了溶解度增强效应因子e，研究夹带剂对固体溶质在超临界CO_2中的溶解度的增强效果，并分析了温度、压力及夹带剂浓度对溶解度增强效应因子的影响；比较了不同固体溶质的分子结构及官能团的种类、数量和位置对溶质在超临界CO_2中的溶解度的影响；研究了在单一和混合体系下同一溶质在超临界CO_2中的溶解度差异，通过定义溶解度增强效应系数SE来分析变化趋势。定义了混合溶质的分离因子μ和分离效率HE，通过分析实验条件对分离因子和分离效率的影响，来确定使用超临界CO_2分离混合固体溶质适宜的操作条件。
（4）采用7种常用的半经验模型关联了固体溶质在纯超临界CO_2中的平衡溶解度数据；采用3种常用的半经验模型关联了固体溶质在含夹带剂的超临界CO_2中的平衡溶解度数据；比较分析了不同半经验模型对不同溶质溶解度数据的关联能力，讨论了决定模型关联精度的影响因素。
（5）通过关联文献中49种不同固体溶质的溶解度数据，比较了常用的7种半经验模型的关联能力。结果表明模型表达式中的溶剂密度函数和模型拟合参数决定了模型的关联能力。模型的密度函数描述溶质溶解度和溶剂密度的关系越精确，拟合参数越能反映温度、压力对溶质溶解度的影响，模型的关联准确度越高；分析了这7种半经验模型对含不同代表性官能团的化合物的溶解度数据的关联能力，并分析了实验温度、压力、溶质溶解度和实验点数对模型关联性的影响。结果表明，对于含不同官能团的不同化合物，模型的适用性不同；温度、压力和实验点数的增大会降低模型的关联精度，溶质溶解度的增大会略微提高模型的关联精度。
（6）基于Kumar-Johnston (KJ)模型，依据溶解理论，提出了改进的KJ模型，通过关联本实验的153组溶解度数据和文献中23种不同固体溶质在超临界CO_2中的748组溶解度数据（包括13种二元体系，13种三元体系和1种四元体系）共901组溶解度数据，对改进的KJ模型进行了验证，结果表明本文提出的改进的KJ模型与KJ模型相比，更适合于描述并预测单一固体及其混合物在超临界CO_2中的溶解度。
（7）基于Sovova模型，依据温度对溶解度的影响，通过引入温度项，提出了改进的Sovova模型。通过关联本实验的120组溶解度数据和文献中17种固体化合物在含夹带剂的超临界CO_2中的实验溶解度数据（共有1311组实验数据点包含12种不同的夹带剂）共1431组溶解度数据，验证了改进的Sovova模型的准确性。结果表明本文提出的改进的Sovova模型更适合于描述并预测固体溶质在含夹带剂的超临界CO_2中的溶解度。
（8）在原有Bartle模型的基础上，依据溶解理论，提出了以新的密度函数为架构的计算模型。通过关联本实验的153组溶解度数据和文献中49种不同固体化合物在超临界CO_2中的可靠的1061组溶解度数据共1214组数据，验证了本文新提出的模型的关联精确性。结果表明，新模型能较好地描述固体溶质在超临界CO_2中的溶解度。以上研究结果对超临界流体技术的开发设计和工业化应用具有指导意义。本项目研究获得了国家自然科学基金(编号为20776006)和教育部中央高校基本科研业务费资助项目(编号为ZZ1103)的资助。
As a new-type, high-efficiency and green chemical technology,supercritical fluid technology has shown great prospects of application inmany significant industry fields. The study on phase equilibrium ofsupercritical system is an important constituent part of supercritical fluidscience and technology. In this thesis, the experimental and theoretical studyon phase equilibrium of pure and mixed solid solutes in supercritical fluidwith cosolvent was carried out in-depth. The main works in this thesis are asfollows:
(1) The experimental apparatus of the study on phase equilibrium ofsupercritical system was improved. The equilibrium solubility of solidsolutes in supercritical fluid with cosolvent was measured using aflow-type apparatus and the equilibrium solubility of pure and mixedsolid solutes in supercritical fluid was analyzed by ultravioletspectrophotometer successfully.
(2) In this experiment, CO_2was used as a supercritical fluid; the solubilityof4kinds of pure solid solutes were measured, included3,5-dinitrobenzoic acid (3,5-DNBA),3-nitrobenzoic acid (3-NBA), 2-nitrobenzoic acid (2-NBA) and3-aminobenzoic acid (3-ABA); thesolubility of3kinds of mixed solid solutes (mass ratio as1:1) weremeasured, included3,5-DNBA+3-NBA,3,5-DNBA+2-NBA and3-NBA+3-ABA. Ethanol, ethyl acetate, n-propanol, and ethyleneglycol were used as a cosolvent, respectively. The experiment wasinvestigated at (308,318, and328) K from (8.0to21.0) MPa. The molefraction of cosolvent was0.015,0.035, and0.055, respectively. Thenumber of experimental data was amount to273.
(3) On the basis of experimental data, the effects of temperature, pressure,the type and concentration of cosolvent on the solubility of pure andmixed solid solutes in supercritical CO_2were investigated; the solubilityenhancement effect factor e was defined in order to study theenhancement effect of cosolvents on the solubility of solutes; moreover,the effects of temperature, pressure and the concentration of cosolventon the enhancement effect factor were analysed; the effects of thedifferent molecular structures and the type, quantity and position offunctional groups on the solubility of solutes were compared; thedifference of the solubility of identical solute in pure or mixed systemwas discussed, and the solubility enhancement coefficient SE wasdefined to study the tendency; the appropriate condition for separatingmixed solids in supercritical CO_2was confirmed by defining the mixtureseparation factor μ and the separation efficiency HE.
(4) The solubility data of solid solutes in pure supercritical CO_2werecorrelated by7common used semi-empirical models; the solubility dataof solid solutes in supercritical CO_2with cosolvents were correlated by3common used semi-empirical models; the correlative abilities of thesesemi-empirical models were compared and the influencing factor of theprecision of correlation was discussed.
(5) Solubility data from49different compounds of different functionalgroups were collected from literature to compare and evaluate7common used semi-empirical models. The results indicated that thecorrelative and predictive capability of models depend on the accuracyof the expression of density’s function and the fitting-parameters. Themore precisely the expression of density’s function describes therelationship between the solubility of solute and the density of solvent,or the more exactly the fitting-parameters reflect the effects oftemperature and pressure on the solubility of solute, the more accuratelythe models correlate. The predictive capability and applicability of thesemodels for different types of solutes at different conditions aredemonstrated in this work. The results indicated that with uppertemperature and pressure, all of the accuracy of the models decreasesobviously; with a higher mole fraction solubility of solute, most of theaccuracy of the models increases a little; with more experimental datapoints, most of the accuracy of the models decreases.
(6) Based on the Kumar-Johnston (KJ) model, the modified KJ model wasproposed by the theory of solution. The modified KJ model was verifiedby901groups of solubility data containing153groups of experimentaldata and748groups of data in literature. The results indicated thatcomparing with KJ model, the modified KJ model proposed in thisthesis is more suitable to describe and predict the solubility of pure andmixed solids in supercritical CO_2.
(7) Based on the Sovova model, considering the effects of temperature onthe solubility, the modified Sovova model was proposed by introducinga function of temperature. The modified Sovova model was verified by1431groups of solubility data containing120groups of experimentaldata and1311groups of data in literature. The results indicated thatcomparing with the Sovova model, the modified Sovova modelproposed in this thesis is more suitable to describe and predict thesolubility of solid solutes in supercritical CO_2with cosolvent.
(8) Based on the Bartle model, a new semi-empirical model consists of anew density function was proposed by the theory of solution. Theprecision of new proposed model in this thesis was tested by1214groups of solubility data containing153groups of experimental data and1061groups of reliable data in literature. The results indicated that thenew proposed model can describe the solubility of solid solutes insupercritical CO_2better.
All the research in our work would be used for the development, design andindustrial application of the supercritical fluid technology.
This project research was financially supported by the funds awarded byNational Natural Science Foundation of China (No.20776006) and theCentral University Basic Scientific Research Projects of the Ministry ofEducation (No. ZZ1103).
引文
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