超临界二氧化碳萃取葡萄籽中食用及药用成分的工艺和模型研究
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摘要
葡萄籽中含有葡萄籽油和植物多酚类化合物-原花青素。葡萄籽油约占整粒葡萄籽质量的10(15%,其中富含45(72%对人体健康有益的不饱和脂肪酸-亚油酸,可用于食品、化妆品及医药工业等领域;原花青素由于具有抗氧化、抗突变等多种生理活性日益受到广泛重视,已被用作药品、保健品和化妆品等,成为风靡世界的十大植物药之一。因此,以酿酒过程中废弃的葡萄籽为原料提取葡萄籽油和原花青素这两种有用成分具有重要的社会效益和经济价值。
    超临界流体萃取技术是一种新型高效洁净分离技术。随着“天然、营养、回归自然”热潮的兴起,在天然产物的提取领域中占据了独特的地位并倍受瞩目。本文以酿酒过程中废弃的葡萄籽为原料,对采用超临界二氧化碳萃取葡萄籽油和原花青素工艺的可行性及其适宜条件进行了深入研究和探讨。
    首先研究葡萄籽油的提取工艺,重点考察了萃取温度和萃取压力对葡萄籽油产率的影响,确定了适宜工艺条件并比较了三种不同来源葡萄籽的萃油效果。实验发现以王朝酒厂提供的葡萄籽为原料所得葡萄籽油产率最高,达13.51%。气质分析产品中不饱和脂肪酸含量超过90%,同时对油产品的质量检验表明:采用超临界二氧化碳萃取技术所得葡萄籽油的各项理化指标均符合或优于精炼食用植物油的国家卫生标准,充分显示了超临界二氧化碳萃取技术用于天然产物提取的优势。
    以萃取葡萄籽油后的萃余物为原料,对超临界二氧化碳萃取原花青素的工艺进行了深入研究。为了获得较高产率和纯度的原花青素产品,向纯的二氧化碳中加入适量夹带剂以提高其萃取能力。分别采用了三种不同的夹带剂加入方式即将夹带剂与物料混合的静态加入方式、将夹带剂加至超临界二氧化碳中的动态加入方式以及两种加入方式的同时使用,重点考察了萃取温度、萃取压力、夹带剂浓度、夹带剂用量以及静态浸泡时间等因素对原花青素产率和纯度的影响,并确定了适宜的工艺条件。研究结果表明:相比之下,同时使用静态和动态夹带剂超临界二氧化碳萃取原花青素工艺的萃取效果最好,在适宜条件下所得产品平均产率为11.62%,平均纯度为96.54%。与传统工艺比较,超临界流体萃取技术用于原花青素的提取具有较明显的优势。
    另外实验研究证明小试结果具有较好的工艺放大效果,显示了超临界流体萃取葡萄籽油及原花青素工艺良好的应用开发前景。
    
    本文还对缔合模型用于关联葡萄籽油在超临界二氧化碳中的溶解度进行了研究。提出了两个修正的Chrastil方程和一个y(T, P型方程,其中两个修正方程考虑到缔合数随温度而变,将Chrastil方程的常数k表示为温度的函数;y(T, P型方程将溶解度表示为温度和压力的函数。分别用Chrastil方程及本文提出的三个方程对溶解度的实验数据进行关联,其中以两个修正Chrastil方程采用单纯形法对实验数据进行优化拟合所得平均相对误差分别为3.08%和3.09%,拟合效果优于Chrastil方程。另外对文献中一些脂肪酸的溶解度数据的关联结果也表明修正方程的拟合效果优于Chrastil方程。
    本文还建立了模拟超临界二氧化碳萃取葡萄籽油传质过程的活塞流模型,采用单纯形法优化得到模型参数,并用差分法求得萃取率随时间变化的数值解。结果表明模型计算值与实验值两者吻合很好,其平均相对误差为0.899%(8.01%,模型具有优良的模拟效果。
    本文提出的关于超临界二氧化碳萃取葡萄籽油的溶解度方程及传质模型可沿用至其它的植物油脂-超临界二氧化碳体系,并对萃取过程的工业放大具有重要的指导意义。
Grape seeds contain seed oil and procyanidins which are generally named plant poly-phenol. Grape seed oil is about 10(15 weight % of the total grape seed and is rich on about 45(72% of linoleic acid which belongs to unsaturated fatty acid and is considered to be beneficial to the health of mankind when the oil high in linoleic acid are used in the fields of food, cosmetic and medicine. Grape procyanidins have been increasingly paid much attention as one of the ten most popular herbal medicines in the world and can be used for medicine, hygienic food and cosmetic due to their biological and pharmacological actives such as anti-oxidation and anti-mutation and so on. Therefore, it is of important social significance and commercial values to investigate extraction of these useful components from the abandoned grape seeds during vintage processes.
    With occurring the upsurge of savageness, nutrition and returning natural all over the world, supercritical fluid extraction technology holds prominent status in the domain of extraction of natural products as a kind of high effective and clean separation technology. This thesis mainly explores the feasibility and the optimal conditions of extracting seed oil and procyanidins from grape seeds with supercritical carbon dioxide.
    The process of extracting oil from grape seeds was firstly studied. And the influences of extraction temperature and extraction pressure on the extraction yield of the seed oil were investigated. The optimal extraction conditions were obtained experimentally. Three kinds of grape seeds from different locations were used to make comparison. It is found that the yield of oilseed is up to 13.51% when using the seeds supplied from Dynasty Wine Co. Ltd.. GC/MS analysis shows that the unsaturated fatty acid in the extracted oil is up to 90.1%. The quality test were also carried out and the test results demonstrate that the grape seed oil extracted with supercritical carbon dioxide has totally satisfied with the routine quality index of physical and chemical characters for the refined edible vegetable oil
    
    
    according to the national sanitation standard. It reveals that extracting natural products with supercritical carbon dioxide has obvious predominance.
    The process of extracting procyanidins were further studied from the remains after extracting oil from grape seeds with supercritical CO2. Three kinds of methods for adding entrainer were further investigated in order to enhance the solvent power of CO2 for increase yield and purity of procyanidins. The three methods include adding entrainer to raw material in static mode, adding entrainer to SC-CO2 in flowing mode and combination of the two modes. The effects of extraction temperature, pressure, the concentration and dosage of entrainers and soaking time on the extraction yield and purity of procyanidins were studied, and the optimum parameters and conditions were finally got. The experimental results show that, adding entrainer to raw material in static mode combined with adding a suitable concentration of entrainer to SC-CO2 in flowing mode may be the best way among the three kinds of methods for adding entrainers. The yield of 11.62% with the high purity of 96.54% of procyanidins can be obtained under the investigated optimal conditions. Compared with the conventional extraction technology, it has evident advantages to extract procyanidins with supercritical CO2.
    In addition, it is proved that the results of lab-scale experiments can be successfully blown up and the supercritical fluid extraction technology of grape seed oil and procyanidins has excellent foreground.
    The solubility of grape seed oil in supercritical CO2 was studied with associated models in the thesis. The two improved Chrastil equations and a semi- experiential associated model of y( T, P type were advanced. Considering the associated number k changed with temperature, it was expressed as a function of the temperature in the two improved Chrastil equations. The solubility y in the associated semi- experiential model of y( T,
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