摘要
水陆过渡带包括滩浅海和陆上水陆过渡区(水网区)。论文主要研究在辽河油田陆上水陆过渡带进行高精度地震勘探的关键技术。在野外地震资料采集中,因表层结构复杂,激发岩性不同,接收地震波检波器特性差异,使得陆地、沼泽、水中各段地震记录的子波不同,资料品质差异大、相位不一致,特别是在过渡带剖面同相轴连续性差、信噪比低、分辨率低、成像困难,构造形态改变,无法将反射波场的动力学特征直接用于储层反演和油气预测。常规表层结构调查技术,在水网区无法开展,导致对表层结构认识不清楚,使得静校正不准确,剩余静校正实现困难。其次,常规处理方法无法校正由于激发接收带来的差异,甚至产生假象,降低资料分辨率。同时,由于地下复杂构造特征使得常规叠加和叠后偏移方法不能准确的成像。
论文根据辽河油田复杂水陆过渡区地质地球物理特征,系统地开展了高精度地震勘探采集、资料处理关键技术研究,形成了一套适合水陆过渡带的高精度地震采集技术和高精度处理技术,主要研究成果如下：
(1)复杂近地表特征精细调查方法研究。由于常规的表层结构调查方法受到限制,无法详细了解地下结构。对复杂地表结构进行调查,采用一次性成型电缆线进行微测井调查,逐点设计井深,利用软件进行成果解释,详细划分表层岩性分区,并利用层析成像技术进行求解近地表模型结构,为精细静校正工作提供详细的资料。同时采用基于数据库的折射波法计算静校正量,进行炮点和检波点静校正,根据速度分析迭代求取剩余静校正量进行剩余静校正。
(2)高精度地震采集技术。针对水陆过渡带特殊地表条件,根据近地表调查资料,进行最佳激发岩性、井深和组合激发研究。通过研究水陆过渡带特殊的地表结构,使用不同类型检波器接收。针对检波器不同造成的资料差异,研究运用反组合滤波降低这种差异,提高资料分辨率。
(3)地表一致性处理技术研究。由于复杂地表横向变化大,不同部位炮与炮和道与道之间能量和频率差异大,一致性差。采用地表一致性振幅补偿等处理技术一方面可以消除这种差异,另一方面还可对野值有明显压制作用。应用地表一致性反褶积(共炮点、共检波点)技术,可达到压缩子波、消除由地表因素对振幅、子波的影响,改善剖面质量。在复杂地表地区,单道反褶积(如脉冲、预测反褶积)结果往往不能令人满意,主要因为在自相关时窗内,各道所包含的干扰(如野值、面波等)比例不同,造成自相关函数也不同,道与道之间的反褶积算子存在着差别,致使反褶积滤波结果差别很大。地表一致性反褶积处理则可弥补这些单道反褶积的不足,得到较好的处理效果。
(4)高保真噪声压制技术研究。水陆过渡带地区地表条件复杂,各种干扰波比较发育,加之地下构造复杂,采集的地震资料信噪比低。通过分析辽河盆地水陆过渡地区各种干扰波的类型和性质,探讨各种去噪方法的优缺点和去噪能力。摸索出一套适合该区地震资料噪音衰减处理技术与方法,并在实际生产中取得了良好效果。如：在多域实现三维叠前/叠后随机噪音衰减技术、内切法面波压制技术、偏移距域内f-k相干噪音衰减技术等。
(5)高精度地震波成像技术研究。由于区内构造复杂,纵横向速度变化剧烈,导致叠前时间深度偏移的应用难度相当大。针对这些特点,提出基于弯曲射线保幅叠前成像的技术研究,通过实际处理分析研究,得出一套适合复杂构造地区的“时间域解释-深度域建模-深度域解释”的双域界面循环迭代建模方法,建立初始速度-深度模型,使叠前偏移成像取得很好的效果。
根据以上研究成果,对辽河油田水网地区进行高精度采集和处理,提高了水陆过渡区的资料品质,使处理和解释精度大大提高,仅在大民屯地区新发现圈闭67个,总圈闭面积213.6km2。沈625、沈229、沈628、沈262等多口井获得百吨以上高产油流,沈阳采油厂的原油生产能力保持在了1.26×106t,取得了显著的经济效益和社会效益。
Land-water transition zone includs paralic zone and onshore transition zone (water network area). This paper studies the key technologies of high-precision seismic exploration in land-water transition zone in the Liaohe Basin. In field seismic data acquisition, as a result of complex surface structure, different stimulating lithology and different geophone characteristics, the seismic wavelets from the land, marshes and water are different, and the data has different qualities and inconsistent phase, and in the transition zone because of profiles with the poor continuity of event, low signal to noise ratio, low resolution, imaging difficulties and changed structural shape, the dynamic characteristics of reflection wave field can not be used directly in reservoir inversion and hydrocarbon prediction. Conventional surface structure investigation techniques can not be carried out in the water network area, resulting in lack of clear understanding of the surface structure, making static correction inaccurate and residual static correction difficult to achieve. Second, the conventional wavelet approach can not correct the differences brought by excitation and reception, or even creates a false impression, which will lower the resolution. At the same time, the complex characteristics of underground structure make conventional stack and post-stack migration methods can not accurately imaging.
Based on the geological and geophysical characteristics of complex land-water transition zone of Liaohe oilfield, this paper systematically carries out research on key technology of high-precision seismic acquisition and data processing, and a set of technology suitable for the land-water transtion zone is formed.
(1) Research on fine survey methods of complex near-surface characteristics. With the conventional investigation methods of the surface structure is limited, the underground structure can not be learned more about. In the investigation of complex surface structure, the one-time molding cables are used for micro-logging surveying, and the well depth is designed point by point, and the results are explained by the software. So the surface rocks partition can be divided in details, and the tomographic imaging techniques are used to solve the near-surface model structure, which provids detailed information for the fine static correction. And the statics is calculated using a database-based refraction method to static correction on 3-D shot point and detection point, residual statics is acquired according to velocity analysis iterations to do residual static correction.
(2) Technology of high-precision seismic acquisition. For the special surface conditions of land-water transition zone, the optimal excitation lithology, depth combined excitation have been researched, according to the near-surface survey data. By studying the special surface structure of transition zone, different types of geophones are used to receive. For difference of data caused by different geophones, the anti-combined filtering is studyed to reduce this difference and improve the resolution.
(3) Research on surface consistent processing technology. Surface consistent processing usually refers to the consistency processing of the amplitude, frequency, phase and so on, which includes surface consistent phase correction, surface consistent amplitude compensation, surface consistent amplitude correction, surface consistent wavelet processing techniques. Due to the large lateral changes of the complex surface, the energy and frequency between sources and traces in different parts vary much, and consistency is terrible. Using surface consistent amplitude compensation processing technology on the one hand can eliminate this difference, on the other hand, may also have significant suppression effects to wild value. Application of surface consistent deconvolution (common source points,common receiving points) technology is able to compress the wavelet and eliminate the surface factors impact on the amplitude, wavelet, and improve the quality of profiles. In the complex surface areas, the results of single-channel deconvolution (such as pulse, predictive deconvolution) are unsatisfactory usually, mainly because in the auto-correlation time window, each trace contains different proportions of interference (such as wild value, surface wave, etc.), resulting different auto-correlation function and different deconvolution operators among traces, as a result, the results of deconvolution filtering vary considerably. Surface consistent deconvolution processing can compensate for the deficiencies of this single-channel deconvolution and get better processing effect.
(4) Research on high-fidelity noise suppression technology. The very complex surface conditions in land-water transitional zone area, underground fracture, and the development of small structure, make the seismic data have low signal to noise ratio and low resolution features. By studying the characteristics of various de-noising methods, and analyzing the processing results of actual data, and selecting the appropriate method of noise suppression, we can achieve the suppression and attenuation of high-fidelity random noise, regular noise, and improve the signal to noise ratio of seismic data in land-water transition zone.
(5) Research on high-precision seismic wave imaging technology. As the regional structure is complicated and the longitudinal and lateral velocity change rapidly, the pre-stack time and depth migration is very difficulty to be applied. In response to these characteristics, the research based on the curved-ray amplitude-preserved pre-stack imaging technology is proposed. Through the actual processing analysis and study, a suit of modeling methods suitable for complex structures areas is obtained, that is "time domain interpretation-depth domain model-depth domain explanation " double domains interface cyclical iteration, and the initial velocity-depth model is established, so that pre-stack migration imaging achieves good results.
Based on the above research results, high-prcision acquisition and processing is carried out in water network area of Liaohe Oilfield, as a result,the quality of data in land-water transition zone is proved and the imaging precision is raised, Only in the Damin tun area 67 new traps is found, the total area of traps is 213.6km2.More than one hundred tons of oil has been reserved in many drilling, such as shen 625, shen 229, shen 629, shen 262.etc.The outturn of crude oil is maintain the leave of 1.26x 106t. The better economic and society benefit has bee got.
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