摘要
近年来我国虽然在经济建设上取得了骄人的成绩，但居民收入分配两级分化日益严重、通胀水平居高不下、社会保障体制不尽完善，都给我国社会和谐发展带来了不小的压力。富人愈富、穷人愈穷，我国经济增长与民生关系的非均衡发展突出的表现为“增长性贫困”问题，而导致“增长性贫困”问题愈发严重的根本原因则来自于不尽合理的收入分配制度。
一方面，我国经济保持了快速增长；另一方面，却出现了低收入居民人均可享有的经济资源或社会福利水平下降的情况。本文分别以“一天一美元”的绝对贫困线和“国际贫困标准”的相对贫困线为计算依据，计算我国相关贫困度量指标，发现自改革开放以来我国绝对贫困人口数比例有不断下降趋势，特别是农村绝对贫困人口数明显减少，但仍存在相对贫困程度不断恶化的问题。城镇“增长性贫困”问题与农村“增长性贫困”问题又有不同的表现，农村贫困主要表现为绝对贫困，城镇贫困主要表现为相对贫困，农村绝对贫困和相对贫困程度均高于城镇，城乡间绝对贫困状况差距大。
通过对我国基尼系数、泰尔系数和Watts指数值比较，逻辑推演以及机理分析可知，我国“增长性贫困”问题的产生与收入分配差异扩大之间有着必然的联系。分析指出，“增长性贫困”问题主要受两方面因素的影响，一是经济增长速度，二是收入分配差异。经济增长率越高，居民贫困下降程度越快。而收入分配差异的影响正好相反，收入差异越大，贫困人口数增多。我国经济高速发展事实是毋庸置疑的，而日益扩大的收入分配差距将会抵消高经济增长率所带来的福利水平提高，妨碍低收入者生活水平的改善。所以调整我国居民收入分配非均衡关系成为关键所在。
从收入初次分配关系而言，根据我国历年基尼系数值可知，我国收入分配差异有明显的扩大趋势，农村内部、城镇内部、城乡间的收入差异均在不断扩大。运用泰尔指数分解分析发现，我国东、中、西部地区收入差异不断拉大，且地区内部的收入差异水平是高于区域间的收入差异水平的。从收入再分配关系而言，我国社保区域差异虽趋于减小，但社保基尼系数值却普遍较高，各社会保险项目之间的发展差距较大。由于我国西部地区或农村的社保体系发展在一定程度上落后于东部发达地区或城市，所以我国的社会保障制度并没能起到缓解和调整收入差距的目的，反而进一步拉大了差距。
目前我国不仅存在收入差异不断扩大的现实，而且存在因高通胀致使居民实际收入差异被低估的情况。通胀对收入分配差异的影响主要体现在高低收入者不同的生活消费与投资比例上。投资部分不参与实际消费的特殊性，使得收入的实际购买力只有消费部分受当前通胀率影响。在通胀背景下，低收入者偏好增加消费，高收入者偏好增加投资，导致居民实际收入差距的增大。而收入分配差异的加剧，又在高低收入者不同的通胀预期和经济行为偏好的影响下，进一步推动通胀水平上升。通过计算以实际购买力为基础的我国城乡基尼系数，发现在通货膨胀时期，居民实际收入差异大于居民的名义收入差异，并且通胀率越高，两者间的差异水平越大。在Logistic模型回归分析的基础上，也验证了我国通胀与收入分配差异之间存在的互为因果的数字关系。
要矫正我国非均衡的收入分配关系，要分别从初次分配和再分配两方面进行综合考量。城乡间、区域间生产力水平的差异和二元经济体制的制约是收入初次分配差异产生的重要原因。劳动力要素的自由流动有助于收入分配差距的减小，而过快的推进资本市场自由化将会增大居民收入差异加剧的风险，只要地区生产力差异存在，人均收入差距就不会消失。社会保障、税收和政府投资是对收入分配关系调整的重要手段，且调节强度逐级递减。政府为提高经济增长率，采取地方倾斜的再分配政策会带来收入分配差异的增大，而收入分配差距扩大将会导致社会平均消费水平降低，带来内需不足，引致经济发展滞缓，这需要我们在经济增长和合理的收入差距之间寻找均衡点。
本文分析认为，要防范我国“增长性贫困”问题，加强社会保障制度建设是关键，财政社保支出是提高社保水平最有效和可行的手段。通过非参数计量模型分析可知，我国现有社保支出的增长水平不能抵消高通胀给参保者带来的财富损失，参保人缴纳的社保金并不能满足社保基金支出增长的客观需求。所以，政府应提高社会保障支出在财政预算中的比例。在此基础上，我们还应当加强西部农村教育资源投入，制定地方优惠政策吸引人才进乡，提高农村居民社保覆盖率，控制生活消费品通胀率水平，以达到改善地方人力资源储备，平衡地区经济资源，加强落后地区社会保障力度的目的，从而从根本上平衡我国经济增长与收入分配差异的矛盾关系。
In recent years, China has made remarkable achievements in economicconstruction, but the polarization of income distribution, the high level of inflation, thedefective Social Security system, all those brought a certain amount of pressure on theharmonious development of our society. The rich get richer, the poor get poorer. Theoutstanding performance of the unbalanced development of China's economic growthand people's livelihood is the problem of the growth-poverty, of which the root cause isa not quite reasonable income distribution system.
On one hand, China has maintained rapid economic growth; on the other hand, anunexpected phenomenon appeared that the economic resources and social welfarewhich should belong to the low-income residents have not get enough increase. In thispaper, absolute poverty line of “$1a day” and relative poverty line of “InternationalPoverty Line Standard” were selected as the basis for calculation of related povertymetrics of China. We found that, since the reform and opening-up, the population underthe absolute poverty line has decreased, especially the rural absolute poverty, but thereis still a festering problem of relative poverty. There are different performances in urbangrowth-poverty and rural growth-poverty, mainly in rural poverty is absolute poverty,mainly in urban poverty is relative poverty, while rural absolute poverty and relativepoverty are both worse than the urban, and a huge gap exist between urban and ruralabsolute poverty.
According to the Gini coefficient, Theil index and the Watts index values of China,the logical deduction and mechanism analysis; it shows that the generation of China'sgrowth-Poverty and the expansion of income distribution differences are intrinsicallylinked. It is pointed out that the growth-poverty problem is mainly affected by twofactors, economic growth effect and income distribution effect. The higher the rate ofeconomic growth, the faster the rate of residents’ poverty declined. And the role ofincome distribution effect is the opposite, the greater the income disparities, the morepoor. China's rapid economic development is no doubt, but the increased benefitsbrought by the high rate of economic growth will be offset by the widening incomedistribution gap, which hinder the improvement of the living standards of low-incomepeople. So the key issue is to adjust the unbalanced relationship of our residents' incomedistribution.
In the view of initial income distribution, China's income distribution differencessignificantly expanded within the rural,the urban and the urban-rural gap described byGini coefficient over years. And Theil index decomposition analysis found that theeastern, the central and the western regional disparities in income distribution iswidening, even the income gap within the region is greater than the disparities betweenregions. In the view of income redistribution, social security regional differences inChina tends to be lower, but the Gini coefficient values of social insurance are generallyat high level, and there is a huge development gap between various social insuranceprograms. Because the development of social security system in the western region haslagged behind the eastern region, the rural has lagged behind the urban; China's socialsecurity system did not achieve the purpose of adjusting and reducing the income gap,but further widened the gap.
Today, not only dose the reality of widening income disparities exist in China, butalso underestimated the residents' real income differences due to a high inflation. Theimpact of inflation on the differences in the income distribution is mainly reflected indifferent proportions of consumption and investment between the high income earnersand the low income earners. The particularity that investment money does notparticipate in the actual consumption makes real purchasing power of income only theconsumption part influenced by the current inflation rate. In the context of inflation,low-income people prefer to increase consumption, and high-income people prefer toincrease investment, which leads to a greater gap of real income. Then theintensification of the income distribution differences promote to further increase in thelevel of inflation, which due to the different inflation expectations and economicbehavior preferences between the high-income and the low-income people. Bycalculating the urban and rural Gini coefficient based on the real purchasing power ofChina, it is found that the real income disparities is bigger than the nominal incomedisparities in times of inflation, and the higher the inflation rate, the greater thedifferences between the two. It is also verified that the digital reciprocal causationrelationship of inflation and income distribution differences on the basis of the LogisticRegression Model.
For the correction of unbalanced relation of income distribution, we mustcomprehensive considered it respectively from the initial distribution process andredistribution process. The productivity differences in the urban-rural or in regions andthe constraints of the dual economic system are important reasons for the initial income distribution gap. Free movement of factor Labor will contribute to the reduction ofincome gap, but excessive advanced the capital market liberalization will increase therisk of income disparities exacerbation. As long as the regional productivity differencesexist, the per capita income gap will not disappear. Social security, taxation andgovernment investment are important means to adjust the income distribution relation,with decreasing intensity of adjustment progressively. To improve the rate of economicgrowth, government would like to take regional partiality in redistributive policies thatwill bring an increasing income distribution differences, while the widening income gapwill lead to lower average consumption level of whole economy, brought insufficientdomestic demand, resulting in a stagnant economic development, which we need to findthe equilibrium point between economic growth and reasonable income gap.
This paper indicated that, for the prevention of the growth-poverty problem,strengthening the social security system is the key point, and financial social securityspending is the most effective and feasible means to improve the social security level.According to the Non-parametric model analysis, our existing social security spendinggrowth can not offset the high inflation for the wealth losses to the insured, the socialsecurity contributions paid by the insured person does not meet the objectiverequirements of social security spending growth. Therefore, the government shouldincrease the proportion of social security spending in the budget. On this basis, we shallstrengthen the inputs of education resource in the western rural regions, shall draw upthe local preferential policies to attract talent into the rural areas, shall improve thesocial security coverage of rural residents, shall control the level of inflation especiallyin the consumer goods, in order to achieve the purpose of improvement of local humanresources reserve, balanced regional economic resources, strengthening the socialsecurity efforts of the backward areas, thus a fundamental contribution to balanceChina's economic growth and income distribution differences appeared.
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