摘要
随着现代电子系统信息化程度越来越高,电磁环境越来越复杂,具有多天线加载和线缆网敷设等特征的复杂系统电磁兼容分析的难度也越来越大。为了促进电磁兼容分析方法的发展,本文围绕天线互耦的分析方法和线缆网耦合的分析方法展开研究;并研究了降低复杂系统电磁兼容分析复杂性的方法论,搭建起复杂系统电磁兼容性分析的基本框架。
第一部分,为了进行平台天线互耦的分析,研究了时域积分方程(TDIE)的时间递推方法(MOT)。阐述了MOT求解TDIE的一般过程,并用两类典型电磁兼容算例说明了MOT在电磁兼容方面的适用性。
详细推导了物理光学和时域积分方程混合方法(PO-TDIE)的实现过程,研究了其在天线互耦分析中的应用问题。提出了针对电磁兼容问题的合理分区方法。
为了克服PO电流近似带来的误差,提出了一致性绕射方法(UTD)修正的PO-TDIE混合方法。采用时域一致性绕射方法(TD-UTD)计算PO区中的边缘效应,修正激励项,在基本不增加计算量的同时提高PO-TDIE混合方法的计算精度,扩展了算法的应用范围。
针对天线互耦问题,提出了UTD加速的TDIE方法。基于UTD的绕射理论,忽略作用十分小的源,只考虑一次或二次绕射项的作用,减小MOT递推公式右端向量和的计算量,从而提高MOT算法的计算速度。该算法需要合理地划分区域,将所有可能的低次绕射点都纳入计算;目标的绕射特性越明显,加速效果越好。
第二部分,为了进行复杂系统线缆网的分析,详细阐述了多导体传输线(MTL)理论,给出了MTL的分布参数以及不同激励源条件下的电报方程。
研究了求解传输线网络响应的频域方法——BLT方程。将BLT方程应用到任意布局传输线串扰的计算中,通过将传输线离散,在离散段的连接处引入理想节点的方法,将其等效为传输线网络来进行处理,为非平行情况的串扰分析提供了一种解决方案。另外,首次系统地给出了多导体传输线网络BLT方程的通用的构造方法,为复杂线缆网分析软件的编制奠定了理论基础。
研究了求解传输线网络响应的时域方法——时域有限差分(FDTD)法。详细推导了集总源和分布源激励条件下的FDTD迭代公式。
提出了求解非均匀传输线网络响应的时频结合方法——BLT-FDTD混合方法。将网络中的非均匀传输线采用FDTD方法求解,通过分离入射、反射波得到该段的S参数,并将此段作为节点加入到BLT方程的矩阵求解当中,最终得到传输线网络的终端响应。该方法克服了频域方法对非均匀情况的不适用问题和时域方法的高计算量问题,能够应用于复杂非均匀线缆网的计算当中。
第三部分,对电磁拓扑理论进行研究。将复杂系统的电磁兼容分析分为拓扑分解、交互作用关联图的构造、传输函数的求解和系统响应的综合等四个步骤。将电子系统的电磁受扰问题分解为相对独立的子问题,降低整个问题理论分析的复杂性。然后,从电磁拓扑理论出发,结合电磁兼容分析的需求,提出了电磁干扰统一模型,采用多端口网络来统一描述干扰源、传播途径和敏感设备,给出了构造方法,并分析了其特性和应用能力。
最后,以卫星系统为例,对论文的研究成果进行了应用分析,给出了复杂系统电磁兼容分析的一般步骤。并且,进行了系统级电磁兼容分析软件开发方面的探索,阐述了软件的设计思想、软件结构和实现方法。
The analysis of electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) characteristics of complex system is getting more and more difficult, due to the high level integration of modern electric systems and the complex electromagnetic environment. The purpose of this thesis is to develop the EMC analysis techniques of the most important interference paths: antenna coupling (front door) and wire coupling (back door); besides, a methodology which can reduce the calculation complexity is studied, and an EMC analyzing framework for complex system is established.
In the first part of the thesis, for the mutual coupling analysis of the antennas on a platform, the marching-on in time (MOT) solver for time domain integral equation (TDIE) is studied. The general process of MOT solver is presented, and two kinds of typical EMC examples are provided to illustrate the applicability of the method. The theory of physical optics and TDIE hybrid method (PO-TDIE) is detailed elaborated, and the application problem in antenna EMC is studied. The computational error will stay in a low level, if the transmitter and the receiver together with their adjacent areas are partitioned into TDIE region.
To overcome the error caused by the PO current approximation, a uniform geometrical theory of diffraction (UTD) enhanced PO-TDIE hybrid algorithm is proposed. UTD is applied to calculate the edge effect, to compensate the calculation error made by the PO current approximation. This method can improve the accuracy while maintaining the computational complexity, and the application range of PO-TDIE would be extended.
For the antenna mutual coupling problems on electrically large platforms, in the basis of classical MOT solver, combining the diffraction ray tracing concept in UTD, a UTD enhanced TDIE algorithm is proposed. The sources which offer quite small contribution are ignored, and only the contribution of low-order diffraction areas is considered; therefore the computational complexity is reduced much. This method needs reasonable region partition, and all diffraction points should be included in the computation.
In the second part of the thesis, for analyzing the cable networks of a complex system, multi-transmission line (MTL) theory is described in detail. The distributed parameters of MTL and the telegrapher’s equations are deduced.
A method to solve the response of MTL network in frequency domain, BLT (Baum-Liu-Tesche) equation, is studied. Based on it, a method to calculate the crosstalk of arbitrary layout transmission line is proposed. The lines are cut into discrete pieces, ideal junction is imported to calculate the scattering parameters, and the transmission lines are equivalent to multiconductor transmission line network. The method offers a solution for the non-parallel lines’crosstalk. In subsequence, the construction method of BLT equation for MTL networks (MTLN) is presented, to the best of our knowledge, for the first time in China.
Subsequently, a method to solve the MTLN in time domain, finite difference time domain (FDTD) method, is studied. The interative equations in lumped and distributed source conditions are deduced in detail.
For the purpose to solve the nonuniform MTLN, a frequency domain-time domain combined method, BLT-FDTD, is proposed. The nonuniform parts in the network are solved by FDTD; then the incident wave and reflected wave are separated; the S parameters of these parts can then be obtained. In subsenquence, these parts will act as junctions in the operation on BLT equation; and finally the response of the whole network will be solved out. This method overcomes the inapplicability of the frequency domain methods and the high computational cost of time domain methods, and is capable in the computation of the Nonuniform cable networks.
In the third part of this thesis, electromagnetic topology (EMT) is studied. The EMC analysis of a complex system is built up by the following four steps: the topological decomposition, the construction of interaction sequence diagram, the calculation of transfer functions and the integration of the responses in the whole system. The whole issue is decomposed into several relative independent ones; as a result, the complexity will be decreased. In subsequence, based on EMT, and in the requirement of EMC analysis, the electromagnetic interference uniform model (EMI-UM) is proposed. A kind of multi-port network is adopted to describe, uniformly, the interference sources, propagation paths and susceptible devices. The establishing method of EMI-UM is presented, and the characteristics and applicable capacity is analyzed.
Finally, application analysis of the techniques studied in this thesis is depicted, according to taking a satellite system as an example; and general process of EMC analysis for complex systems is presented. Besides, efforts are made in the development of the system-level EMC analysis software. The design philosophy, architecture and the realization of the software are elaborated.
引文
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