摘要
使用多孔介质燃烧技术拓展贫燃极限,提高燃烧器体积热负荷,扩大气体燃料的使用范围,实现燃烧技术的升级及气体资源的充分有效利用,具有重要的研究价值及应用前景。本文致力于低热值气体在多孔介质内的燃烧机理及火焰面移动特性研究,并将研究结果运用于工程系统的设计及开发中。
第一章中为全文工作背景介绍及文献综述：分析中国燃气资源、低热值气体资源的利用现状,综述国内外多孔介质燃烧理论和技术发展方向和状况。从多孔介质燃烧器内的传热,温度分布及温度测量,火焰面移动及火焰面驻定,火焰面特性及燃烧不稳定现象,以及低热值气体往复式多孔介质燃烧方面对国内外多孔介质燃烧技术的研究进展进行了总结,提出了多孔介质燃烧技术未来几年的发展趋势。并提出了本文的主要研究内容。
第二章及第三章为实验研究部分：提出包覆与裸露热电偶成对布置同步测量新方法测量多孔介质内气固温度,试验研究多孔介质内温度分布特性,火焰面传播机理及超绝热燃烧机理。搭建堆积小球多孔介质燃烧试验台,通过两侧成对布置裸露热电偶及包覆多孔介质小球的热电偶,对多孔介质燃烧器内气固温度进行同步测量,研究多孔介质燃烧器的内气固温度分布及气固温度变化规律。通过燃烧器的预热过程对裸露热电偶结点在多孔介质孔隙内的位置进行估计,并对热电偶结点布置的不确定因素进行误差分析,得到测量的误差范围。对比不同入口气流速度,不同当量比时的不同气固温度分布及气固温度变化。同时搭建碳化硅泡沫陶瓷多孔介质燃烧试验台,通过对多孔介质燃烧器内的温度进行系统测量,研究不同预混气体入口速度,不同当量比,不同多孔介质孔密度等工况对超绝热燃烧特性,火焰面传播特性及温度分布特性的影响。对火焰面附近的详细轴向温度分布及燃烧器壁面附近的径向温度分布进行分析。并对多孔介质材料的过热损坏规律进行初步分析探究。
第四章及第五章为数值模拟研究部分：拓展二维双温多孔介质燃烧模型,研究多孔介质内动态二维火焰面特性和火焰面倾斜不稳定现象产生机理及抑制机理。以实验室搭建的圆柱形碳化硅泡沫陶瓷多孔介质燃烧器为物理模型,通过变化多孔介质的孔密度,多孔介质燃烧器的壁面散热损失,入口气流速度,当量比等参数探讨低热值气体在多孔介质燃烧器内的动态二维火焰面特性,研究火焰面传播速度的变化及火焰面传播过程中的火焰面形状的变化,并与实验结果进行对比,验证燃烧模型并进一步深入理解低热值气体在多孔介质内的二维燃烧特性。同时模拟不同工况下长方体形多孔介质燃烧器内的火焰面倾斜现象,对多孔介质内火焰面倾斜现象及机理进行分析,研究火焰面倾斜角度增大或减小的发展过程,研究不同工况条件如当量比,入口流速,多孔介质导热系数,燃烧器尺寸等因素对火焰面倾斜角度变化的影响。通过对火焰面倾斜角度的变化探究火焰面不稳定现象的抑制机理,为多孔介质燃烧器的稳定运行提供理论基础。
第六章及第七章为工程应用研究部分：设计50,000Nm3/h低热值气体燃烧系统(10～20MW)；研发50～221kW中试规模往复式燃气熔炼炉并进行工业试验研究,提供进一步大型化理论与工程基础。在前期工作积累基础上,开发50,000Nm3/h的大型低热值气体往复式多孔介质燃烧系统的设计方法及设计程序,完成低热值气体燃烧系统的炉体设计总图及系统设计图。能源效益及环境效益计算分析表明该燃烧系统的最大热效率最大可以达到88.67%,以温室效应折算该低热值多孔介质燃烧装置一年最大可以减少一台300MWe机组全年C02排放量的15.4%。此外,设计搭建中试规模的往复式多孔介质燃气熔炼炉,并进行初步试验研究。通过对燃烧装置的燃烧状态,阻力波动,温度分布,贫燃极限,金属熔化效率的影响的研究,一方面为中小金属熔炼企业生产过程中的节能减排提供一种较为高效清洁的炉型选择,另一方面在中试规模上对50,000Nm3/h大型低热值气体燃烧系统的设计进行验证,为其优化设计并最终工业化提供实验基础。
第八章为全文总结部分,对本文的主要研究成果,主要创新点及未来工作展望进行总结。全文工作的主要成果为通过实验研究得到多孔介质内的气固温度分布,气固温度变化,火焰面传播特性及超绝热燃烧特性。通过数值模拟研究得到二维火焰面的动态传播特性,动态变化特性及火焰面倾斜机理。通过低热值气体处理装置的大型化设计深入认识其能源效益及环境效益,通过中试规模的往复式燃气熔炼炉实验研究为中小金属熔炼企业节能减排及大型低热值气体往复式多孔介质燃烧系统的优化设计提供实验基础。
Combustion in a porous medium offers advantages such as high power density, low NOx and CO emission, high thermal efficiency, high flame stability and extended flammability limit. The thesis introduces the combustion characteristic of low calorific gases in porous media combustor and the combustion wave propagation in porous media through experimental and numerical method, and those results are used to design and develop meso-scale and large-scale reciprocal combustion system.
The first chapter focuses on the background and the literature review. The utilization of natural gases and low calorific gases in China is introduced. The research groups of porous media combustion all over the world and their research areas are summarized. The literature review focuses on the heat transfer in porous media, temperature distribution and temperature measurements, combustion wave propagation and flame stabilization, flame variation and flame instability, and reciprocal combustion system. Several further research trends of porous media combustion are recommended. The motivation and the main work in the thesis are also presented in this chapter.
The second and third chapters focus on the experimental researches. A novel method was used to measure the gas and solid temperature in porous media combustor. The temperature distribution, combustion wave propagation, excess enthalpy flame was also studied by experimental method. A packed bed porous media combustor system was built, the bare and coated thermocouple junctions were installed in the centerline of the porous combustor and the temperatures of solid phase and bare junctions were recorded simultaneously. The preheating procedure is used to reduce the effect of the junction placement. It is found that the uncertain position of junction have limited influence on the gas phase temperature correction. The temperature profiles measured by thermocouples provide a complete temperature distribution in porous combustor, while a time-based method offers detail gas and solid temperature distributions near the reaction zone. Meanwhile a SiC foam porous media combustor was built, the temperature was measured, and the effects of inlet velocity, equivalence ratio, and pore density on excess enthalpy, combustion wave propagation and the temperature distribution were studied. The damage of porous media caused by over temperature limit was also initially studied.
The forth and fifth chapters focus on the numerical studies. The two-dimensional and two temperature porous combustion model was used to study the two dimensional flame variation and inclinational instability. A two-dimensional model was developed based on the combustor built in the laboratory to show the combustion wave propagation in the cylindrical porous combustor. The two-dimensional contours of solid temperature are applied to show the combustion wave propagation. The inlet velocity, equivalence ratio, heat losses and pore density were discussed to show the effect on the combustion wave propagation and the flame variation. The results were compared with the experimental results to show accuracy of the model. Meanwhile, the model was modified to show the inclinational instability in porous media. The flame inclination development and reduction with a finite angle during the combustion wave propagation was studied. The mechanism of inclinational instability of filtration combustion was analyzed. The parameters affecting development of the inclinational instability at various conditions were studied. Finally, the regions where the combustion waves could be stabilized and instability grows were obtained in a model porous media combustor.
The sixth and seventh chapters focus on the industrial applications of porous combustor. A50,000Nm3/h low calorific gas combustion system was designed based on the previous work. The design approach, design program, the drawing of furnace, and the layout of gas system were completed. The results show that the thermal efficiency can be as high as88.67%; the reduction of CO2emission is equal to15.4%of a300MWe coal-fired power plant per year. A meso-scaled reciprocal smelting furnace was built and experimentally studied. The best operational condition, the length of regenerative section, the flammability was obtained based on this reciprocal furnace. These results will be benefit for the design of large-scaled reciprocal smelting furnace and low calorific gas combustion system.
The eighth chapter focuses on the conclusions of the work, the main results were presented, and the innovation and the future work were discussed. The gas and solid temperature distribution, temperature variation, combustion wave propagation, and excess enthalpy was experimentally studied, the two-dimensional flame propagation, flame variation mechanism, and inclinational instability mechanism was numerically studied. The economic benefit and environmental benefit of the large-scaled low calorific gas combustion system was industrially studied, the experiments of meso-scaled reciprocal smelting furnace would be benefit for increasing the thermal efficiency of metal smelting industry and for design of large-scaled reciprocal porous combustion system.
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