摘要
如何有效地消除多次波等相关噪音是地震资料处理中一个由来已久,但一直没有得到很好解决的问题。在地震资料的处理过程中,没有被去除的多次波经常会被错误地认为是一次波或混合在一次波中的一部分,使得地震资料的信噪比降低。目前,压制多次波的方法技术已有很多种,例如预测反褶积、f-k域滤波、Radon滤波、τ-p域反褶积等方法,但这些方法都各有其优缺点,如果这些方法使用不当就会在很大程度上损伤有效信号。
本文首先对各种多次波压制方法进行了较为广泛地对比研究,进而探讨了较典型的多次波去除方法,包括预测反褶积、f-k域滤波和Radon滤波,然后详细研究了聚束滤波压制多次波。通过剖析波动方程和射线追踪理论,设计多次波正演数据模型,利用典型的多次波压制方法对模型资料以及实际资料进行多次波去除,通过分析多次波压制方法的理论和实际处理结果,总结了它们的优缺点:(1)当参数选取比较合理时,预测反褶积对压制短周期的多次波有较好效果,但对长周期的多次波却无能为力,实际上好的周期性只有垂直入射即零炮检距记录才能较好地保持。(2)f-k域多次波去除方法的算法简单,计算量较小,但在频率-波数域中,有效信号与噪音的分辨不是非常清晰的情形下,消除多次波的效果就不理想,在近偏移距一些道多次波残余就会很明显。(3)相对一般的多次波去除方法,Radon滤波能够在包括小偏移距内的各记录道较好地消除各类多次波,是一种较好的多次波压制方法。(4)聚束滤波去除多次波与Radon滤波去多次波方法相比,聚束滤波方法更能有效的去除多次波。聚束滤波方法可在最大程度上压制多次波的同时,也能较好地保持有效信号的各种特征,研究结果证明了聚束滤波方法的可行性。
How to efficiently eliminate multiples in seismic data processing is a difficult problem which has not been well solved so far. In seismic data processing, the remnant muttiples considered to be primary wave or a part of the primary wave will reduce the ratio of signal to noise. At the present time, there are many methods to eliminate multiples, for example, predictive deconvolution, frequency-wavenumber filtering, the Radon transform, the deconvolution inτ-p domain etc. But these methods have their own advantages and disadvantages. If these methods are used inappropriately, they, at a certain extent, will inflect effective signal.
In this paper, we firstly study the various methods of multiples attenuation. and then overview some popular methods of multiples attenuation in practice, including predictive deconvolution, frequency-wavenumber filtering and the Radon transform. In the end, we talk about beamforming in detail. Basing on analyzing the ray tracing method and wave equation method theory, we designed geological medels proceeded with ray tracing and finite difference method forward modeling. Through the model and data analyse we have studied three popular methods of multiples attenuation. we analyzed and compared their results, and summarized their advantages and disadvantages. (1) When the parameters were chosen properly, predictive deconvolution is good for short multiples, but not for long multiples.In fact, the good periods are kept only in zero-offsets traces. (2) The method of frequency-wavenumber filtering is simple, and not need much computing time. If effective signal are confounded with noise in frequency-wavenumber domain, the multiples elimination will be not well. It do a very poor job in attenuating mutltiples at near-offsets traces. (3) compared with the other mutltiples attenuating method, Radon filtering can attenuate all kinds of multiples very well at traces on both near and far offsets. (4) The example of data shows that the beamforming method can attenuate multiples much better at traces on both near and far offsets than Radon filtering, and enhance the relatively weak primaries. In the end, we spontaneously concludes that beamforming is practicable.
引文
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