摘要
西瓜(Citrullus Lanatus Thunb)是我国设施栽培中的重要经济类瓜果作物,由于经济效益的驱使和人多地少矛盾,常常由于连茬种植致使连作障碍日益严重,已严重影响到设施西瓜栽培的可持续发展。因此,以西瓜为研究对象,通过系统研究设施西瓜连作障碍发生的机理,对于解决目前连作障碍日益严重问题和提供科学的治理决策具有重要的意义。
本研究通过西瓜长期定位连作实验,从微生物、土壤与植物营养、植物生理生化等几个方面系统研究了西瓜连作条件下土壤微生物的演变规律、土壤养分消长规律。同时研究了西瓜残体腐解物与根系分泌物中自毒物质对西瓜根系的影响与毒害机理,揭示了设施西瓜连作障碍形成的主要原因。在此基础上将有机肥与专性功能菌有效结合,系统研究了微生物有机肥对减轻西瓜连作障碍的调控机理。主要结果如下：
土传病害枯萎病是西瓜连作的主要障碍因子。随连作次数的增加,西瓜发病率与土壤中镰刀菌数量呈明显的正相关,西瓜连作6茬后,土壤中尖孢镰刀菌菌落数达6.5×103g-1土壤,比第一茬土壤增加7.6倍,西瓜枯萎病发病率达58%。相反,土壤中细菌、放线菌、真菌数量则随着西瓜长期连作而不断降低。此外,氨化细菌、硝化细菌、纤维素分解菌、自生固氮菌数量随着西瓜连作次数的增多有所下降。
西瓜-甜瓜轮作后减轻了土壤病害的发生。轮作后土壤中细菌、放线菌与真菌数量有所增加,其中硝化细菌、自生固氮菌与纤维素分解菌的数量都有所上升。与西瓜连作土壤相比,尖孢镰刀菌、丝核菌数量的上升幅度较小。轮作6茬后,甜瓜土壤中过氧化氢酶、蛋白酶、脲酶和磷酸酶活性分别比第一茬西瓜土壤增加了28.8%、15.8%、12.7%和23.7%,比同时期连作西瓜土壤酶活性分别高28.0%、46.7%、19.0%和31.7%。此外,轮作6茬后土壤电导率为1.75ms/cm,比连作后电导率(2.45ms/cm)降低了28.6%。
西瓜的自毒作用源于西瓜根茎叶残体中含有的抑制物质。西瓜根、茎、叶的水浸液对种子的发芽率、根长、根系活力有抑制作用。通过HPLC分析,根茎叶中含有肉桂酸、香豆酸、香草酸、阿魏酸等酚酸类化合物。外源酚酸类物质不仅改变了西瓜根系超微结构,而且抑制了西瓜根系脱氢酶、超氧化物歧化酶活性,刺激了过氧化物酶、多酚氧化酶活性,造成了逆境胁迫。添加外源肉桂酸和对羟基苯甲酸提高了土壤过氧化氢酶活性、脲酶活性,增强了土壤呼吸强度。而土壤碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾含量和有机质含量则显著降低。
施用微生物有机肥刺激了土壤酶活性和土壤呼吸强度。西瓜定植6周后,以育苗处理和移栽处理对土壤酶活性增加最为明显,脲酶和转化酶活性分别比同时期土壤增加了20.4%和40.0%。土壤呼吸强度比同期对照土壤提高了20.0%。育苗处理和移栽时处理的土壤微生物活性最强,土壤中细菌、放线菌和真菌数量分别比对照增加了35.7%-55.78%、14.5%-34.7%和4.9%～31.9%。同时,微生物有机肥对土壤尖孢镰刀菌数量有明显的抑制作用。育苗处理、移栽处理及育苗与移栽结合处理处理后,西瓜枯萎病发病率分别为8.0%、6.0%和3.5%,而对照(无任何处理)发病率达21.0%。
施用微生物有机肥后,西瓜植株吸收的营养增加,产量增加,品质提高。育苗处理、移栽处理和育苗与移栽结合处理的西瓜植株中N总量分别比对照增加了23.9%、5.7%和18.9%,P总量分别比对照增加了30.5%、19.7%和28.5%,K总量分别比对照增加了25.0%、6.1%和15.1%。西瓜产量也大幅度提高,育苗处理、移栽处理和育苗与移栽结合处理后的产量分别达32601kg hm-2,29991kg hm-2和33447kghm-2,比对照分别增加23%、13%和26%。同时,西瓜可溶性固形物含量增加,品质提高。此外,由于微生物有机肥促进了根系对养分的吸收,使土壤中盐分降低,减轻了土壤次生盐渍化程度。
结论：西瓜连作障碍主要是由土传病害尖孢镰刀菌、土壤次生盐渍化和西瓜残体中的酚酸类自毒物质造成的。通过施用微生物有机肥可显著降低西瓜枯萎病的发病率,是目前为止减轻西瓜连作障碍最有效的措施。
Watermelon (Citrullus Lanatus Thunb) is one of the favorable fruits and widely cultivated in greenhouse agriculture in China. However, the contradiction between the limited land for agriculture and increased year-round demand for supply requires mono-cropping of watermelon as a popular cropping system. In this way, continuously mono-cropping system severely decreased the yield and quality of watermelons. It is necessary to investigate the mechanisms of continuously cropping obstacle of the watermelon so that farmers can take measures to resolve it.
This thesis focused on the soil microbiology, soil and plant nutrition, and plant physiology during the continuously cropping of watermelons in Shanghai suburban. We investigated the development and evolution of soil microorganisms, the balance of soil nutrients, the composition and accumulation of salt ions in soil and toxicology of autotoxicity of watermelon plants. Afterwards, we developed one bio-organic fertilizer and studied alleviation mechanism of continuously cropping obstacle of water melon by introducing bio-organic fertilizer into soils. The key results are listed as follows:
Invasion of soil-born plant pathogen, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum is an important factor limiting the production of watermelon. With increased frequency of mono-cultivation of watermelon, the occurrences of Fusarium wilt of watermelons is positively correlated to the population of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum in the soil. After6rotations of mono-cultivation of watermelons, the population of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum reached6.5x103/g soil, which was7.6times higher than that in the first rotation, and the occurrence of Fusarium wilt was58%. Meanwhile, the population of total bacterium, actinomycetes, and fungi decreased with increased rotation frequency. Among these microorganisms, ammonifying bacterium, nitrifying bacterium, cellulose-decomposing bacterium and nitrogen-fixing bacterium were identified and their population decreased with increased rotation frequency too.
In the rotation system of watermelon with honey melon, the population of total bacterium, actinomycetes and fungi in the rotation system was higher than in mono cultivation system. The population of ammonifying bacterium, nitrifying bacterium, nitrogen-fixing bacterium and cellulose-decomposing bacterium was also significantly increased. The population of soil borne Fusarium spp. and Rhizoctonia solani increased in the rotation of watermelon with honey melon, but was not as much as that in the watermelon mono-cultivation. In the sixth rotation, the activity of peroxidase, protease, urease and phosphatase of soils were28.8%,15.8%,12.7%and23.7%higher than that in the first rotation of watermelon and were28.0%,46.7%,19.0%and31.7%higher than that in mono-cultivation system of watermelon. After six frequency of rotation, soil electric conductivity (2.45ms/cm) in rotation system with watermelon and honey melon was only about29%of that in mono-cultivation system with watermelon.
Autotoxicity was also involved in the continuously cropping obstacle of watermelon. Water extracts from residues of the watermelon roots, stems and leaves inhibited seed germination, root elongation and root activities. The identification of extracts by HPLC indicated that all the watermelon tissues contained cinnamic, coumaric, vanillic and ferulic acid. Application of exogenous phenolic acids changed ultra micro-structure of root and inhibited the dehydrogenase, surperoxide dismutase (SOD), but stimulated peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase in the root, which was similar to the phenomenon caused by environmental stress. Application of cinamic acid and p-hydroxybenzonic aicd into the soil stimulated the activity of soil catalase, uerase, and soil breath intensity, but strongly decreased content of alkali hydrolyzed nitrogen, available phosphate, available potassium and organic matter in the soil.
Application of microbioorganic fertilizer significantly stimulated the activity of soil enzyme and soil respiration intensity.6weeks after transplanting, the activity of urease and transferas in soils, in which watermelon plants were treated by the microbioorganic fertilizer at seedling stage or at transplanting, was20%and40%higher than the control. The soil respiration intensity was20%higher than the control. Meanwhile, the treatment with microbioorganic fertilizer caused36%～56%more bacterium population,15%～35%more actinomycete population and5%～32%more fungi population than the control. Furthermore, microbioorganic fertilizer strongly inhibited the population of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum. The occurrences of disease were8%,6%and4%for the treatment of microbioorganic fertilizer at seedling stage, transplanting stage and at both seedling stage and transplanting stage, respectively, while the Fusarium wilt occurrences of the control was21%.
Application of microbioorganic fertilizer stimulated nutrients uptake, elevated the yield and improved the quality of watermelon. In comparison with the control, the treatment of microbioorganic fertilizer at seedling stage, at the transplanting, or at both seedling and transplanting stage increased total N by24%,8%and19%, total P by31%,20%and29%, and total K by25%,6%and15%, respectively. The yield reached32601,29991and33447kg hm-2. They were23%,13%and26%higher than the control, respectively. In addition, the content of soluble solid in watermelon was increased by the treatment of microbioorganic fertilizer. Because of the improvement of nutrient uptake, the content of soil salt was decreased. The application of microbioorganic fertilizer also effectively alleviated the secondary salinity of the soil.
Conclusion:
The continuously cropping obstacle of watermelon is caused by Fusarium wilt (the pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum), secondary salinity of the soil and autotoxicity from the watermelon organs'residues (especially the phenolic acids). Application of microbioorganic fertilizer can effectively suppress the Fusarium wilt and control the continuously cropping obstacle of watermelon.
引文
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