摘要
目前,旅游业已经跃升为世界上最具潜力的新兴产业。随着我国经济实力的不断增强,国际地位的不断提升,中国对世界旅游者的吸引力也越来越大。在此形势下,政府、旅游行业从业人员、旅游者和研究人员都应有责任和义务去保护好旅游资源尤其是生态旅游资源,对生态资源进行合理的开发与利用,实现生态旅游的健康发展,在为当代经济发展做出贡献的同时,也要为子孙后代及人类的发展提供平等的条件。
1965年,美国学者Hetzer提出符合生态学意义的旅游(An Ecological Tourism),这被普遍看作是生态旅游的最初表达形式。1983年,IUCN(世界自然保护联盟)生态旅游特点顾问Ceballos-Lascurain提出“生态旅游”(Ecotourism)这个术语,之后受到国际旅游组织和学术界的广泛重视。生态旅游思想在20世纪80年代进入中国后,国内一批科研机构相继对此进行了研究和实践,取得了一系列的研究成果,提出了一系列的观点。1999年,我国把旅游促销的主题定为“生态环境旅游年”,2002年被联合国定为“生态旅游年”,生态旅游逐步发展成为旅游产业中增长最快的部分。
生态旅游,这一概念最初源于绿色旅游或自然旅游,随着旅游业的发展以及人们旅游环保意识的加强,“生态旅游”概念逐渐取代绿色旅游和自然旅游,并融入了可持续发展观的精神。尽管生态旅游这一概念近些年来得到了广泛的应用,但对于其概念的准确界定却众说纷纭,迄今为止还没有一个能够被广泛接受的定义。归纳起来,目前对于生态旅游概念的界定有以下几种观点:一是,定向于可持续发展目标的生态旅游概念。该观点把生态旅游看作一种旅游发展模式,将旅游发展与社区发展、环境保护紧密结合,认为只有同时具有保护资源和促进社区经济发展功能的旅游才是生态旅游。二是,定向于市场和消费行为的生态旅游概念。该观点将生态旅游作为一种旅游产品向市场推销,倡导向旅游者提供没有或很少受到干扰和破坏的自然和文化旅游环境。自然旅游、文化旅游、科学旅游、探险旅游都属于生态旅游类型。这种类型的旅游活动相对一般旅游活动,对环境的影响较小,并可以增强旅游者的环境意识。三是,定向于行为规范的生态旅游概念。该观点强调旅游者和当地居民的行为规范和环境价值观。通过旅游活动和旅游教育使旅游者和当地居民建立环境保护和环境道德观。在笔者看来,在上述生态旅游概念定义中,尽管各个学者观点不尽一致,但对于一些基本点却能达成共识:第一,生态旅游具有强烈的环境保护意识。与传统的旅游模式相比,生态旅游强调采取相关措施手段大力保护旅游资源以及旅游地环境,将对旅游地的资源消耗降到最低,这样才能最大限度地达到可持续旅游的目的,所以说生态旅游是一种具有强烈环境保护意识的旅游形式。第二,生态旅游是一种以自然环境以及文化环境为资源的旅游形式,受到生态学的影响与指导,强调人与自然,人与环境和谐相处,力求建立一个共存的生态系统。第三,生态旅游是一种旅游地经济、社会与环境共同发展的旅游模式,力求经济效益、社会效益、生态效益共同实现最大化,实现旅游可持续发展。
从理论角度,本文以可持续发展理论、旅游学、生态学、经济学等学科的相关知识为理论依据,从其概念的产生演变入手,集中分析研究目前我国发展生态旅游的过程中影响其发展的一系列问题、矛盾和成因,提出解决问题的对策建议,为生态旅游地政府、生态旅游经营者对生态旅游的开发、经营、管理提供有益的参考。从分析角度,本文试图通过对我国目前发展中存在的问题等进行深入细致的剖析研究,以找到实践中制约生态旅游发展的问题症结所在。
本文在找出国内外解决生态旅游面临的问题的基础上与可持续发展观综合分析,针对我国生态旅游可持续发展的现状,结合我国生态旅游可持续发展的现实需要,认为要在科学规划和开发方面下功夫对生态旅游资源进行开发,要在正确的环保思想的指导下做好规划工作;依靠科技创新手段,进一步提高生态旅游质量,提高科技创新水平,依靠科学技术手段提高生态环境质量;建立健全生态旅游的管理体制,在符合我国国情的基础上向外国成功的做法学习,按照合理设置、科学管理的原则调整现有的管理体制,合理调整行政管理、行业管理、生态管理的关系,设置生态旅游开发管理的协调机构和综合管理机构,建立一套适合本国生态旅游发展需要的管理体制;以旅游持续发展理论为指导思想,不断完善相关的法律法规;加强生态旅游的宣传教育工作;加强区域合作和国际合作,特别是加强与西方发达国家的相关方面的合作。
面对21世纪的竞争,我国在生态旅游的可持续发展过程中必然会遇到各种各样的问题和挑战。但是只要从可持续发展的战略高度出发,更新观念、改革体制、创新机制、健全法制、加强宣传,就可以逐步解决其中的问题和矛盾,实现生态旅游的可持续发展,从而达到保障我国社会、经济持续、健康发展的目的。
Now tourism has leapt to the most promising new industry worldwide. With our increasing economic strength and rising international status, China has become much more an attraction to tourists around the world. In this situation, the government, employees of the tourism industry, tourists and researchers are all responsible to protect tourism resources, especially ecotourism resources, for rational exploitation and utilization of ecological resources and the healthy development of ecotourism. When contributing to modern economic development, we should also guarantee an equal condition for the development of later generations.
In 1965, the American scholar, Hetzer, put forward the concept of ecological tourism, which is universally seen as the original expression of ecotourism. In 1983, the ecological tourism characteristics consultant of IUCN, Ceballos-Lascurain, proposed the terminology of“ecotourism”, which roused broad attention of international tourism organizations and the academic community. Since the concept’s entry into China in the 1980s, it has been successively studied and practiced by a batch of domestic scientific research institutions, and a series of research achievements and viewpoints have been made. Our country designated the theme of the 1999 Tourism Marketing as“the Year of Ecotourism”; the year 2002 was declared as“the International Year of Tourism”by the UN. Ecotourism has gradually developed into the fastest growing section of tourism industry.
The concept of ecotourism first originated from green tourism or natural tourism and, with the development of tourism and the increasing environmental awareness, gradually replaced the other two and integrated the spirit of sustainable development. Although the concept of ecotourism has been widely applied these years, an accurate definition of it is still not reached and is under heated discussion. In summary, there are several viewpoints defining ecotourism as follows: First, the sustainable-development-oriented ecotourism, which is a tourism development pattern. It combines tourism development, community development and environmental protection together, and only regards the tourism that both conserves resources and promotes the community economy as ecotourism. Second, the market-and-consumption-oriented ecotourism, which promotes ecotourism to the market as a tourism product, offering the tourists hardly or rarely blemished natural or cultural tourism environment. This kind of tourism activity, including natural, cultural, scientific and expeditionary tourism, compared with ordinary forms, affects the environment less and enhances the environmental awareness of the tourists. Third, the conduct-norms-oriented ecotourism, which emphasizes the norms of conduct and environmental values of the tourists and local residents. It builds the environmental awareness and moralities of the tourists and residents through tourism activities and tourism education. In my opinion, the above definitions of ecotourism have something in common on some main points, though all the views are not the same: Firstly, ecotourism boasts a strong sense of environmental protection. Compared with traditional tourism pattern, ecotourism puts great efforts in carrying out relevant measures to protect tourism resources and the environment. It minimizes the resource consumption of the tourism destinations to maximize sustainable tourism. That’s why it is regarded as a tourism form of strong environmental awareness. Secondly, ecotourism is a tourism form based on the resources of natural environment and cultural environment. Under the influence and guidance of ecology, it stresses a harmonious relationship between human and nature, and human and environment, striving to build an ecosystem of coexistence. Thirdly, ecotourism is a tourism pattern that promotes the development of the tourism destination’s economy, society and environment all at the same time, pursuing the maximum of economic, social and ecological benefit and the sustainable development of tourism. Theoretically, this paper, based on relevant knowledge of sustainable
development theory, tourism science, ecology, economics and other disciplines, starts with the emergence of the concept, concentrates on the analysis of the present problems, contradictions and causes in the process of the ecotourism development in our country, and puts forward countermeasures and suggestions to solve the problems. It offers helpful references about the exploitation, operation and management to the government and operators involved in ecotourism. Analytically, this paper tries to find out the crucial problem restricting ecotourism’s practical development by means of in-depth and meticulous study of the existing problems in the development of our country.
Combining with the practical need of the ecotourism sustainable development in our country, this paper makes a comprehensive analysis of the concept of sustainable development based on solutions to the problems of ecotourism both home and abroad. The viewpoint is to make efforts in scientific planning and exploiting of ecotourism resources and to carry out the planning work under proper environmental thoughts; to further increase the quality of ecotourism and the ecological environment relying on the improvement and innovation of science and technology; to establish and improve the management system suitable for the ecotourism development of our country and, learning from the success of other countries, to rationally adjust the relationships of existing administrative management, industrial management and ecological management on the principles of rational setting and scientific management, and to set up coordinating bodies and general management organizations for ecotourism exploitation and management; to constantly complete related laws and regulations under the guidance of the sustainable development theory of tourism; to enhance the propaganda and education of ecotourism; and to strengthen regional and international cooperation, especially the cooperation with western developed countries in related respects.
Facing the competitions of the 21st century, we are sure to encounter various problems and challenges in the process of the sustainable development of ecotourism. But as long as we start from the strategic perspective of sustainable development, update the idea, reform the system, innovate the mechanism, improve the legal system and promote the publicity, we’ll settle the problems and contradictions step by step, and realize the sustainable development of ecotourism, thus securing the continuous and healthy development of our society and economy.
引文
[2]内容及原文转引自《国家旅游局/世界旅游组织生态旅游研讨会资料汇编》,2000年。
[3]内容转引自《马克思恩格斯选集》,第2卷,217页。
[1]魏一鸣,傅小锋,陈常洁.中国可持续发展管理理论与实践[M].北京:科学出版社,2005
[2]陶犁,梁坚,杨宏浩译.城市旅游管理[M].天津:南开大学出版社, 2004
[3]吴承照.现代旅游规划设计原理与方法[M].青岛:青岛出版社, 1998
[4]苏伦·埃尔克曼.工业生态学[M].北京:经济日报出版社,1999
[5]明庆忠,李庆雷.旅游循环经济发展研究[M].北京:人民出版社,2007
[6]蕾切尔·卡尔逊(Rachel Carson).寂静的春天[M].上海:上海译文出版社,2008
[7]李长荣等.生态旅游的可持续发展[M],北京:中国林业出版社. 2004
[8]严力蛟.生态旅游学[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2007
[9]张忠孝.青海地理[M].西宁:青海人民出版社,2006
[10]李世明,程国栋,李元红,等.河西走廊水资源合理利用与生态环境保护[M].郑州:黄河水利出版社,2002
[11]孙文昌.现代旅游开发学[M].青岛:青岛出版社,1999
[12]严力蛟.生态旅游学[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社, 2007
[13]世界环境与发展委员会(WCED).我们共同的未来[M],长春:吉林人民出版社,1997
[14]张京成.中国创意产业发展报告(2007)[M].北京:中国经济出版社,2007(6)
[15]三江源自然保护区生态环境编辑委员会.三江源自然保护区生态环境[M].西宁:青海人民出版社,2007
[16]杨慧,陈志明,张展鸿.旅游、人类学与中国社会[M].昆明:云南大学出版社, 2002
[17]张建萍.生态旅游[M].北京:中国旅游出版社,2008
[18]杨森林,郭鲁芳.王莹.中国旅游业国际竞争策略[M].立信会计出版社,1996
[19]董智勇主编.中国森林旅游学[M].北京:石油工业出版社,2002
[20]邹统纤.旅游景区开发与管理[M].清华大学出版社,2008,(2)
[21]胡锦涛.在中央人口资源环境工作座谈会上的讲话,十六大以来重要文献选编[M].中央文献出版社,2004
[22]胡锦涛.树立和落实发展观,十六大以来重要文献选编[M].中央文献出版社,2003
[23]江泽民.创新是民族进步的灵魂,论科学技术[M].中央文献出版社,1996
[1]钟林生,笃宁.生态旅游及其规划与管理研究综述[J].生态学报, 2000,20(5):841-848
[2]毛振宾,曹志平,赵彩霞.生态旅游与旅游生态学的研究进展[J].环境保护,2002,(2):27-30
[3]丁赛.民族地区旅游经济可持续发展分析[J].西南民族大学学报(人文社科版),2005,26(3): 123-126
[4]付强,廖勇.促进西部民族地区生态旅游的发展[J].西南民族大学学报(人文社科版),2005,26(4):141-143
[5]母涛.四川民族地区旅游经济发展研究[J].理论与改革,2006(2):88-91
[6]牛亚菲.可持续旅游、生态旅游及实施方案[J].地理研究,1999,18(2)
[7]候沛芸,李光中,王鑫.生态旅游与世界遗产教育策略拟定之研究[J].旅游科学, 2005, 19 (5): 8-14
[8]张勇.生态旅游研究存在的问题及原因分析:对生态旅游的重新认识[J].旅论坛,2008,(04)
[9]李海军.我国生态旅游资源分类的研究综述[J].湖南工程学院学报,2007,(04)
[10]张延毅,董观志.生态旅游及其可持续发展对策[J].经济地理,1997.6,(2)
[11]李黎立,蒋万杰,吴记贵,等.北京松山自然保护区生物多样性现状与保护对策[J].林业调查规划, 2008,33(10): 52-55
[12]高贤明,马克平,陈灵芝,等.旅游对北京东灵山亚高原草甸物种多样性影响的初步研究[J].生物多样性,2002, 10(2): 185-189
[13]秦远好,谢德体,王壮.旅游活动对自然保护区游憩地带植物的影响[J].西南大学学报(自然科学版).2008, 30(10): 105-111
[14]秦远好,谢德体,魏朝富.旅游业的环境影响[J].经济地理, 2006, 26(3): 504-510.
[15]刘鸿雁,张金海.旅游干扰对香山黄栌林的影响研究[J].植物生态学报, 1997,, 21(2): 191-196.
[16]吴枫,贾丽华.生态旅游的可持续发展[J].边疆经济与文化,2006,(11)
[17]陆红青,张玉杰.自然保护区生态旅游的态势与发展[J].环境保护, 1999, (3): 22-23
[18]潘贤君,刘旺.旅游持续发展探讨[J].地理学与国土研究,1998
[19]曾珍香,傅惠敏,王云峰.旅欧可持续发展的系统分析[J].河北工业大学学报,2000
[20]谢雄辉.我国旅游可持续发展理论研究的一般论域[J].桂林航空工业高等专科学校学报,2006(6)
[21]吴净,李好好.对旅游可持续发展的探讨[J].北方经贸,2003(1)
[22]王枫.生态旅游与旅游的可持续发展[J].山西科技,2005,(6)
[23]廖佰翠.生态旅游可持续发展的问题与对策[J].长春师范学院学报,2005.6
[24]田信桥,论自然保护区管理中存在的问题与法制因应[J].美中法律评论, 2006, (2): 70-76
[25]赫丽萍,胡立男.论高校的环境伦理教育[J].辽宁中学院学报, 2004,3: 255-255
[26]包庆德.论生态存在与生态意识[J].北京林业大学报(社会科学版), 2005, 4(1): 8-12
[27]王珉.小城镇建设与生态意识[J],小城镇建设, 2000,4: 46-46
[28]曾聪.略论我国生态旅游发展的对策建议,企业家天地[M],下旬刊,2009.6:223
[29]吴枫,贾丽华.生态旅游的可持续发展[J].边疆经济与文化,2006(11)
[30]张广瑞.生态旅游的理论与实践[J].旅游学刊,1994,(4):22-28
[31]孙根年.我国自然保护区生态旅游业开发模式研究〔J〕.资源科学, 1998, (6): 45-48
[32]唐飞,陶伟.建立旅游可持续发展的复合系统[J].东北财经大学学报,2001(2)
[33]周志家.环境意识研究:现状、困境与出路[J].厦门大学学报(哲学社会科学版), 2008(4): 19-26
[34]陈福亮,侯佩旭.国内外生态旅游者的生态意识调查研究[J].海南大学学报(人文社会科学版), 2005, 2(1): 114-117
[35]刘鸿雁,崔海亭,张金海,等.旅游开发对东灵山亚高山草甸的影响[J].生态学杂志, 1998, 17(3): 63-66
[36]肖朝霞,杨桂华.国内生态旅游者的生态意识调查研究[J].旅游学刊, 2004, 19(1): 67-71
[37]钟洁,杨桂华.中国大学生的生态旅游者的生态意识调查分析研究[J].旅游学刊, 2005, 20 (1): 53-57
[38]王健.论建设生态文明的技术创新路径[ J].理论前沿,2007(24): 40-41
[39]彭万臣.关于生态旅游的认识与思考[J].生态经济,2005(10):324-327
[40]吴楚材,吴章文.生态旅游概念的研究[J].旅游学刊,2007,22(1):67-71
[41]韩光明.民族地区发展生态旅游的效应分析[J].黑龙江民族丛刊,2003 (6): 48-50
[42]高阳,蒋明.川西民族地区草原生态旅游发展实证研究[J].西南民族大学学报(人文社科版),2005,26(4): 127-130
[43]张宏乔,张捷,陈友军,等.旅游者环境意识分析及其景区环境管理意义[J].四川环境, 2005, 24(6): 59-63
[44]秦远好,谢德体,王壮.旅游活动对自然保护区游憩地带植物的影响[J].西南大学学报(自然科学版).2008, 30(10): 105-111
[46]岳太青,孙同洋.生态优先产业拉动走生态产业化的发展道路[J].林业经济, 2003(9): 56-58
[47]张树夫,唐继刚.旅游观光农业开发中的问题与对策[ J].农业经济, 2001, (6 ): 18 -19
[1]Weber, A. L., Introduction to Psychology [M]. HarperCollins College. New York: 1991
[2]Wackernagel M,Rees W. Our Ecological Footprints:Reducing HumanImpact on the earth[M].Gabrioal Island : New Society Publishers,1996
[3]Wackernagel,M, Ree, WE. Our Ecological Footprint:ReducingHumanImpact on the Earth [M]. NewSociety Publishers, Gabiola Island, BC.And Philadelphia, PA. 1995
[4]Steward Julian H. Theory of Culture Change: The Methodology of Multilinear Evolution[M]. Urbana:University of Illinois Press, 1955
[5] Kelly C L, Pickering C M, Buckley R C. Impacts of Tourism on Threatened PlantTaxa and Communities inAustralia[J]. Ecological Management & Restoration,2003, 4(1): 37-44