摘要
能源匮乏与环境亟待保护双重因素,加速了风能在大型远洋船舶上的应用研究进程。本课题系风翼助航船舶的应用基础研究,采用仿真和风洞试验等方法,以7.6万吨风翼助航目标船为研究对象,对风翼作用力、船舶阻力、主机动力学与运动学特性,以及风翼应用技术对策进行了研究。
首先,通过理论计算,分析了目标船舶在不同风速、不同航速时的船舶阻力；采用船模试验方法分析了目标船使用风翼助航系统所引起的船舶漂角对船舶阻力的影响,并计算了船舶舵角对船舶阻力的增益。分别利用CFD软件仿真和风洞试验等方法计算了不同风速时的风翼助推力,并进行了风翼作用力能效分析。结果表明：船体迎风角在100°左右时最适宜使用风翼助航装置,船体迎风角太大或太小时均不能取得最大的助推力；风翼助航节能效果可达10%以上。
其次,从动力学角度对风翼-柴油机混合动力船舶主机主要运动部件的载荷规律进行了研究。利用Pro/Engineer等软件建立了目标船MAN B&W5S60MC主机的ADAMS虚拟样机,并利用虚拟样机计算了风翼助推力变化所引起的主机变负荷、变转速和同时变负荷变转速三种动态工况下主机主要运动部件的载荷变化规律。结果表明：使用风翼助航系统时,风翼助推力的变化会导致船舶主机工况发生变化,此时主机曲轴的载荷规律变得更加复杂(尤其是5#主轴颈)；主机负荷对主机各主要运动部件的载荷规律基本无影响,而主机转速对主机各主要运动部件的载荷规律影响较大。WDS使用风翼助推系统时,采用主机定转速而自动调节主机负荷控制方式对主机各主要运动部件的冲击力最小；如果采用主机定负荷而自动调节主机转速控制方式,则需尽量控制主机转速平稳变化,防止主机转速变化速率过大而引起主机连杆、曲轴等主要运动部件的载荷波动。
再次,从运动学角度研究了7.6万载重吨风翼-柴油机混合动力船舶推进系统特性。采用Matlab/Simulink软件对风翼-柴油机混合动力船舶主推进系统进行了仿真计算,分析了风翼助推力的各种扰动对船舶主机功率、扭矩和转速等输出特性的影响。建立了船、机、桨、翼的数学模型,搭建了主机定转速、主机定油门刻度和船舶定航速等不同航行模式的船舶主推进系统模型,并采用不同形状的干扰波模拟复杂多变的风翼助推力,对三种不同的航行模式下的船机桨翼模型进行了仿真。根据仿真结果分析了不同航行模式下,风翼助推力各扰动波形对船舶主机转速、主机每循环耗油量、主机扭矩、主机功率、船舶航速和船舶阻力等各特性参数的影响。
最后,提出了“可行、安全、节能”的风翼助航典型船舶选型原则；分析了风翼-柴油机混合动力船舶应用的制约因素,并有针对性地提出了改善船舶主推进系统性能的相关措施和风翼-柴油机混合动力船舶的新型调速控制策略。
As a consequence of energy shortage and environmental protection, the research process of wind energy utilization on large ocean-going vessels is in going on at a greatly accelerated pace. In this thesis, the fundamental study for application on wing-assisted vessel has been studied. By using method of simulation and wind tunnel, the driving force of wind and resistance of ship, as well as the dynamics and kinematics of marine main engine and the technical countermeasure of application have been studied.
Firstly, based on the theoretical calculation, the resistance of project ship with different wind and ship speed has been analyzed; The influence of yawing to the resistance of project ship, which is equipped with wing-sail assisted system, has been analyzed utilizing the ship model experiment, the resistance gain induced by the steering angle has been calculated. By using the CFD simulation software and wind tunnel experiment, the wing-sail assisted driving force with different wind speed has been calculated, and the energy efficiency has been analyzed. The result shows that the wing-sail assisted device is most suitably used at a wind angle of100°, the maximum wing-sail assisted driving force can be achieved at a wind angle neither too large nor too small; More than10%of fuel reduction could be achieved.
Secondly, load pattern of main moving parts of Wing-Diesel-Ship main engine has been studied from a visual angle of dynamics. The ADAMS virtual prototype of project ship engine MAN B&W5S60MC has been established using the software Pro/Engineer and the load pattern of main moving component at variable load, speed and load-speed conditions due to the changes of wing-sail assisted driving force have been calculated by this virtual prototype. The result shows that when using the wing-sail assisted system, the variation of the wing-sail assisted driving force will lead to the variation of the working condition of the main engine, the load pattern of the crankshaft will become more complex (especially the5#main journal); The influence of the main engine load to the load pattern of main moving parts is tiny, but the influence of the main engine revolution speed is large. When using wing-sail assisted system, the impact on main moving parts is smallest at variable load control mode. The variation of main engine speed should be kept stable in order to avoid load fluctuation of main moving parts caused by excessive changing rate of main engine speed when using variable speed control mode.
Thirdly, the propulsion system characteristic of76,000DWT Wing-Diesel-Ship has been studied from visual angle of kinematics. Simulation computation of WDS main propulsion system has been carried out using software Matlab/Simulink, the influence of various wing-sail assisted driving force disturbance to main engine power, torque, and speed output characteristics has been analyzed. According to established ship-engine-propeller-wing mathematical model, the propulsion system model on constant engine speed, constant fuel pump index and constant ship speed sail mode have been established respectively. The ship-engine-propeller-wing model on different sail mode, by utilizing interference wave of different shapes to simulate complex wind thrust, has been simulated. The influence of various wing-sail assisted driving force disturbance waveform to main engine characteristic parameters like rotation speed, cycle fuel consumption, torque, power, navigational speed and resistance has been analyzed according to the simulation result.
Finally, the selection principle "feasible, safe, energy-saving" of ship which applies to Wing-Diesel-Ship has been discussed. Several restricted factors of Wing-Diesel-Ship have been analyzed. The related measures which improve the ship propulsion system performance and a new strategy of Wing-Diesel-Ship speed regulating control have been put forward.
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