摘要
废弃植物纤维/聚合物复合材料作为一种低碳、环保型材料，其应用与发展不但可以缓解随着石油资源枯竭致使高分子材料的发展受到遏制的问题，而且为废弃植物资源综合利用提供了有效途径。废弃植物纤维粉体与聚合物共混的复合材料，由于粉体对聚合物只增量不增强，其应用与发展空间有限。利用废弃植物长短纤维与聚合物共混复合制备复合材料，则可在增量的同时对聚合物增强。然而长短植物纤维/聚合物复合材料的制备加工中还有许多技术问题需要解决，这促进了植物纤维的制备、复合材料的制备加工技术的迅速发展。废弃植物纤维增强体的短流程无污染制备技术、高性能植物纤维/聚合物复合材料高效低能耗加工等技术为废弃植物纤维/聚合物复合材料的应用与发展提供了强有力的手段。
通过体积拉伸形变主导的叶片塑化输运技术解决了植物纤维和聚合物混炼加工难题，考察植物纤维/聚合物复合体系在体积拉伸流场中微结构生成与演化规律及其加工特性。研究表明，植物纤维在叶片单元内主要受物料沿轴向的进料流动和叶片单元容腔内沿周向拉伸流动的共同作用，但随着转子轴转动植物纤维所受进料流动或拉伸流动作用的程度有所差异，植物纤维在叶片单元内不同区域呈现出不同的取向分布状态；植物纤维/聚合物复合体系在体积拉伸塑化输运过程中体现出混炼混合和分布分散效果好、机械热历程短、物料适应性强、能耗低以及对植物纤维的低剪切、低损伤等独特的加工特性。
利用连续性蒸汽爆破技术处理废弃药渣制备得到药渣纤维增强体，并采用多种先进测试分析手段对药渣纤维的物化性能进行表征。猴耳环药渣经蒸汽爆破处理后，纤维束被解离成许多更为细小的纤维；纤维的结晶度降低，长径比、比表面积增大；纤维表面的羟基数目增多，粗糙程度增大；纤维素含量明显增加，半纤维素含量显著降低，而木质素含量略有降低且有新结构的木质素生成。
采用体积拉伸形变支配的叶片塑化输运技术制备得到高性能的药渣纤维/聚烯烃复合材料，并可通过改变加工工艺条件实现复合材料性能的调控，建立了药渣纤维/聚烯烃复合材料的宏观性能与加工工艺参数之间的对应关系。结果表明，药渣纤维含量、偶联剂含量、润滑剂含量、抗氧剂含量、蒸汽爆破处理次数、加工温度以及挤出转速等加工工艺条件对药渣纤维/聚烯烃复合材料力学性能有着显著的影响。
本论文的研究在高分子复合材料制备、加工成型的理论方面取得了创新性研究成果，形成了全新的高分子复合材料制备加工技术，解决了传统成型加工方法不能胜任的许多关键技术问题，对促进高分子材料加工行业的可持续发展有着重要的科学意义和实际意义。
The abandoned plant fiber/polymer composites are seemed as a kind of low-carbon,environmental friendly material, its application and development can not only ease the issuethat the development of polymer materials was limited for the exhausted of the oil resources,but also provide an effective path for the comprehensive utilization of the abandoned plantresources. While the composites blended by abandoned plant fiber powder and polymer, asthe powder only increase the quality, not increase the strength, which limited the space ofapplication and development. To prepare composites by using polymer and abandoned plantfiber with different length, then the polymer can be strengthened when its quality wasincreased. However, there are many technical issues need to be solved during the preparationand processing of plant fiber/polymer composites, which stimulates the high speed process ofthe preparation technique of the plant fiber and the composites. Technics, such as theshort-process, non-polluting preparation technique of abandoned plant fiber reinforcedmaterial, and efficient, low-power processing on high performance plant fiber/polymercomposites, provide powerful means for the application and development of the abandonedplant fiber/polymer composites.
The vane plasticizing transportation technique, which dominated by volume elongationflow, solves the processing problem of the plant fiber and polymer, it reveals the forcedmixing mechanism during the short thermal-mechanical processing history of plant fiber andpolymer, and the generation, evolution law of the micro-structure during the processinghistory of the composites. In the vane unit, the plant fiber was forced synergistically by thematerial inflow along the axial direction and the extensional flow along the circumferentialdirection of the vane unit chamber, but with the different rotating speeds of the rotor shaft,forces that gener-ated by inflow and extensional flow are different, which makes the plantfiber present a variety of orientation distribution states in different zones of the vane unit.Based on the extensional rheology, the vane plasticizing transportation equipment presentsgood effects of mixing, distribution and dispersion, short history of thermal-mechanical,adaptability to raw materials, low power consumption and its unique processingcharacteristics of low shear, low damage on plant fiber during plasticizing transportationprocessing on plant fiber/polymer composites.
By using continuous steam explosion technology, the Pipleccellollcem Clypsia Bemth(PCB) fiber was prepared from the abandoned PCB residue. Moreover, a variety of advancedtests and analysis means are used to characterize the physical and chemical properties. After the treat-ment of the steam explosion, the fiber bundles of the PCB residue are dissociatedinto more small fibers; the crystallinity increases first and decreases later, the ratio of thelength to the diameter and the specific surface area are all increase; on the fiber surface, thenumber of hydroxyl increases, the roughness increases; the content of cellulose increasesob-viously, the content of the hemicellulose decreases significantly, while the content of thelignin decreases slightly, and lignin with new structures generate.
Preparing PCB fiber/polyolefin composites by using vane plasticizing transportationtechnique which based on extensional deformation, and controlling the performance of thecomposites through changing the processing technology conditions, then the correspondingrelationship between the macroscopic properties and the processing parameters was build up.The results showed that the processing technique conditions, which contain the PCB fibercontent, coupling agent content, lubricant content, antioxidant content, times of steamex-plosion treatments, processing temperature and extruding speed, had great influence on themechanical properties of the PCB fiber/polyolefin composites.
The research of this paper gained innovative achievement in preparing polymercomposites, and building molding process theory. A brand new theory system of preparingpolymer composites was formed, which could solve a lot of critical technique issues thattraditional processing means not fit. This has scientific and practical significances onpromoting the sustainable development of the polymer processing industry.
引文
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