摘要
随着道路交通状况的日益恶化,人们对出行决策支持信息的需求愈发迫切,对信息的及时性、可靠性和全面性的要求也越来越高,因此,先进的出行者信息系统(ATIS)的服务水平备受关注。在交通拥挤日趋常态化、交通拥堵日益频繁化、交通路网日渐复杂化的大中城市,无论是熟悉路网的区域内长期固定驾车出行者,还是由于工作需要或旅游娱乐等原因,行驶于陌生区域路网的区域外临时驾车出行者,仅凭出行经验无法应对时变的交通状态。在这种情况下,ATIS能否在出行前和出行中为驾车出行者提供高质量的决策支持关键信息—出行路径行程时间信息,对驾车出行者的出行质量具有重要影响。而目前针对路径行程时间估计的研究较少,且由于估计方法的限制导致路径行程时间信息的质量不足,不能满足出行者的需要。
针对现代城市交通的严峻现实和驾车出行者对出行路径行程时间的迫切需求,以及GPS浮动车在采集路径行程时间信息方面的优势,本文提出对出租车、物流车、私家车、公交车的车载GPS设备获取的实际GPS数据进行共享和整合,并进行深层次的加工处理,可为区域路网中任意OD出行请求提供合理路径的建议信息及其动态的路径行程时间信息。具体在以下五个方面开展了创新性工作：
(1)基于GPS浮动车的路径行程时间估计系统(FC-RTTES)的框架构建。针对FC-RTTES涉及多个技术环节,且各技术环节间信息交换频繁的实际情况,在界定系统服务对象和服务内容的基础上,深入分析了系统的功能需求。基于软件工程学理论,利用面向对象的抽象、封装、继承和多态的概念,对系统功能进行了有效的分类与整合,设计了开放式FC-RTTES逻辑结构,同时以低耦合、高内聚为目标设计了功能模块,并提出了相应的物理框架。进而构建了一个能够满足用户需求的、可以实现各功能模块间信息高效共享与交换的FC-RTTES开放式平台。
(2) FC-RTTES的GPS数据基础性处理技术的研究。针对本文的研究目标,对浮动车GPS基础数据中的异常数据进行了深入分析,设计了一种基于偏移系数的停车点位置修正方法,有效消除了冗余数据对后续各技术环节的不利影响。针对浮动车GPS数据体现的不合理行驶行为,设计了基于数据表现形式的非常规折返行为的识别和标识方法,为提高GPS浮动车合理出行路径的识别和提取效率奠定了信息基础。为了提高FC-RTTES的运行效率,将OD出行咨询请求按照出行约束条件划分为以O为基准和以D为基准的两种类型,并提出了相应的浮动车OD出行路径提取所需GPS数据的时空范围的确定方法。
(3) FC-RTTES的OD对间合理路径选取方法的研究。为了提高OD对间合理路径的选取效率和路径质量,基于不符合常规出行规律的浮动车OD出行路径的产生原因,将其归纳为时间不连续和空间重复的两种类型,并针对各自的数据特点分别设计了不同的识别和处理方法。为了使所选取的OD合理路径能够更好地满足出行者的出行需求,根据驾车出行者的路径选择行为特点,提出了路径使用率和路径可信度两个评价指标和评价标准,并据此设计了OD对间K条最合理路径的选取方法。
(4) FC-RTTES的路径行程时间估计方法的研究。为了满足路径行程时间估计对当天和历史路径行程时间数据的质量和数量要求,同时保证系统高效运行,针对用户出行咨询请求中出发/到达时刻的不同情况,分别设计了相应情况下OD路径行程时间估计所需GPS数据的提取时间区域的确定方法,构建了区域路网中基于浮动车GPS数据的任意OD对间路径行程时间的估计模型,与基于路段行程时间直接累加的方法相比,不但有效提高了路径行程时间的估计准确率,而且其结果在满足出行路径选择需要的同时,还可作为出发时间选择的依据。
(5)FC-RTTES的数据管理方法研究。针对AITS服务的实时性要求高、而基于浮动车GPS数据的路径行程时间估计涉及海量数据的实时在线处理,需要通过优化数据的存储和提取模式提高系统运行效率的实际需求,综合运用数据库技术和面向对象的思想,以优化系统运行模式、提高系统运行效率为目标,在归纳系统所需存储数据类别及其构成元素基础上,设计了层级数据组织方法,以及查询型和控制型两种新型的数据字典,可从数据管理的角度为FC-RTTES的运行效率提供技术保障。
本文以浮动车GPS数据为基础,针对城市区域路网中任意OD出行咨询请求的合理出行路径选取及其行程时间估计方法进行了研究。针对浮动车的海量GPS数据,提出了浮动车OD出行路径的提取方法及选取OD合理路径的评价指标和评价标准,设计了OD对间路径行程时间的估计方法,提出了以提高系统运行效率为目标的系统应用数据的管理方法,并通过实际数据对所提出的各项技术方法进行了相应的验证。结果表明,与基于路段行程时间直接累加的方法相比,本文提出的路径行程时间估计方法不但有效提高了路径行程时间的估计准确率,而且其结果在满足出行路径选择需要的同时,还可作为出发时间选择的依据。
本文的研究成果可为ATIS的出行信息服务提供更有力的技术支持,有助于提高ATIS的服务水平和综合效益。
Since traffic conditions in urban is worse and worse day after day, the request of getting traffic support information while traveling is increasing and much more urgent. At the same time, more attentions have been paid to how to get timely, reliable and comprehensive traffic information. So service quality of advanced traveler information system ATIS is the point at issue. In the modern urban area, we always meet heavy congestion traffic with complex network of roads. So even the travelers with long-term experience driving or who will drive for business or tourism cannot deal with varying traffic state when driving in unfamiliar areas. In this situation, ATIS became the key to solve the problem whether the driver can get the traffic information with high quality and veracity.
The thesis is based on the worse and worse traffic situation in modern urban, and the drivers are eager to get the information for traveling. By considering GPS floating car's advantage of collecting traffic information while driving, the technology of how to make a great quantity of GPS information integrated, shared will be written in this thesis. And through a series of processing, the information about exited path and travel time will be mined. Then we can estimate the efficient travel route and travel time information for any OD. In this paper, the following works have been done already:
Study on the framework of route travel time estimation system based on GPS floating car (FC-RTTES). On the basic of the system services objects and services content, the system analyzes the functional requirements of FC-RTTES. From the perspective of Application Development and algorithms, based on the software engineering theory, in use of the concepts of object-oriented abstraction, encapsulation, inheritance and polymorphism, it classifies and integrates the systematic functions, and designs the logical structure of open systems of hierarchical object-oriented, at the same time, on the goal of low coupling, high cohesion, it designs the system's function modules. In use of the basic principles and heuristic rules, it puts the FC-RTTES system into daily used and designs the system's physical framework which is object-oriented abstraction. Thus, it designs the public platform of the FC-RTTES which can meet different users'needs, achieve the shares and exchange of the information, integrate and verify algorithms, reasonable, practical, and standardized.
Research on the based data processing technology of FC-RTTES. To improve the quality of system based data, analyze and process drift data and redundant data of Taxi GPS, and revise the processed GPS positioning point with digital map. In order to lay a data foundation of removing the link of unconventional OD path for next, analyze the unconventional running status which is probably happens during the taxi running, design a method of identification unconventional parking state and exhumation of the state based on manifestations of data, and mark the corresponding situation of data sequence. Also devise the general solutions of getting GPS taxi travel route of any OD in the road network with the use of vehicle tracking technology.
Research on the selection methods for OD valid path of FC-RTTES. For the purpose of making the system get adequate, less redundant reference Information of OD route efficiently, classify any OD travel requisition into2types according to the standard of requested time, one is on basis of O, and the other is on basis of D. For the situation of these2types, finalize the time zone of extraction of real time and historical GPS data. For the purpose of proving the quality and efficiency of selecting OD valid route for the system, classify them into time-discontinued and space-repeated unconventional OD route based on the mechanism of different kinds of unconventional OD route, and then design different methods of identifying and processing based on their own data characteristics. For the purpose of making OD valid route meet the traveling demand of most people, propose the evaluated indicators of validity of these routes:utilization and reliability, and the definition and calculation methods of their own are given, too. Also, finish the design of selection method of K pieces of OD valid routes based on two evaluation rules.
Study on the estimation method of the route travel time of FC-RTTES. Concentrating on different kinds of setting off or arriving time requirements of OD travel, this thesis detailedly analyze and ascertain the picking-up zone of the reference database for the time estimation of travel route in different circumstance in order to meet the quality and quantity requirements of the reference database of the time estimation of OD travel route and simultaneously guarantee the high efficiency of the system. By analyzing the basic characteristics of reference database sequence, the estimation model of OD travel route is designed on the basis of OD travel requirements. Focusing on the different circumstances which can refer to historical database in the time repository of OD travel route, methods for applying the database in the repository in the time estimation of travel route are separately designed in order to enhance the system's efficiency of the time estimation of travel route.
Study on the FC-RTTES data's management method. In order to improve the development and operational efficiency in terms of data organization, it introduces the advanced database technology, on the base of the theory of object-oriented, and on the basics of the former system requirement analysis and the structure framework, we design the flow diagram of the FC-RTTES system, and extract the system and components which are needed in storing the database, it presents a hierarchical data organization method and designs three different types and functions of the data dictionary. It classifies the database, and manages the data in different layers from the point of the applied systems, which forms the data logical models of simple, reasonable and intuitive, as well as the data access mode which occupies the attribute information with dynamic, as a result, it makes the system of data management maintenance, and program development more flexible, convenient and fast.
Aiming at the road network in the cities, this thesis studies the method to access the effective travel route of random OD travel requirements and time. To establish the floating car'time estimation system of travel route on the basis of GPS and in allusion to the large amount of GPS floating cars, the thesis brings forward system application database management methods to advance the efficiency of operation and running of the system. It also puts forwards the common effective selecting ways and evaluation standards and designs the time estimation model of travel route. This thesis validates the theory by using the practical data. The result shows that the FC-RTTES system can provide required travel route and time effectively and accurately.
This thesis provides timely, accurate and reliable basis of database on travel route for the ATIS travel information service and improve the ATIS service and synthetical efficiency.
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