摘要
小麦锈菌的群体组成变化导致小麦抗叶锈病品种丧失抗性,并造成全国小麦锈病的大流行。因此,开展小麦叶锈菌生理小种(致病类型)鉴定和系统监测、查明小麦叶锈菌生理小种的类型、组成和致病特点,是做好小麦抗病育种和品种布局调整的基础。本研究利用国际通用的16个小麦叶锈菌鉴别寄主、23个近等(单)基因系和1个已知Lr基因的品种及感病对照品种郑州5389,在苗期对小麦叶锈病标样进行致病性鉴定,旨在明确2008年该区域小麦叶锈菌的致病类型和毒性基因谱,为生产提供理论依据。
2008年,在小麦叶锈病的发生时期,从河北、河南及山东三省小麦育种田和大田中采集和收集小麦叶锈菌标样,共采集小麦叶锈菌标样741份,繁殖获得677株单孢子堆菌株。
结果表明,来自我国3省的677株小麦叶锈菌共划分为207个致病类型,其中有10个优势致病类型,分别为PHTT、THTT、THJT、PHST、THKT、PHRT、THSS、THRT、THTS和PHKT,其发生频率分别为:10.04%、8.12%、4.73%、3.55%、3.24%、3.10%、2.36%、2.22%、2.07%和2.07%。河北省、河南省、山东省小麦叶锈菌优势致病类型存在相似性,但有些优势致病类型在3个省存在明显的差异。毒性基因V1、V2b、V2c、V3、V3bg、V10、V11、V14a、V14b、V16、V25、V26、VB、V33、V33+34和V37在3个省的毒性频率均大于60%,说明小麦叶锈菌群体中分别携带这些基因的菌株占群体的大多数,其对应的抗性基因为目前上述地区小麦抗叶锈病的无效基因,在小麦抗锈育种上没有重要的利用价值;毒性基因V9、V19、V24、V38、V39、V42、V21+39和V47在3个省的毒性频率均小于30%,说明小麦叶锈菌群体中携带这些毒性基因的菌株少于1/3,其对应的抗性基因为目前我国小麦叶锈菌的有效抗病基因,可供转育利用;毒性基因V2a和V29在3个省的毒性频率均在30-60%之间,其对应的抗病基因有一定的利用价值,但单独使用会加速抗叶锈性的“丧失”。同时发现,有些毒性基因在不同地区间的毒性频率有一定的差异。在测试中新增加了含抗叶锈基因Lr47的鉴别寄主Pavon7S3,没有发现对其有毒力的菌株,其成株期对河北省小麦叶锈菌的优势菌株表现高抗。
对河北省不同生态区小麦叶锈菌致病类型和毒性频率进行了分析,发现不同生态区的小麦叶锈菌致病类型和毒性基因频率相似,但也存在一定差异。
选取28个河北省小麦叶锈菌优势菌株,分析其与河北省生产上30个推广品种的相互作用,发现相同致病类型的不同菌株间的毒性存在差异,目前生产上的小麦品种不能有效抵抗小麦叶锈菌的优势致病类型。
Variation of population composition of the wheat rust caused the lose of leaf rust resistance in wheat cultivars,and make the rust pandemic. Therefore, Identification of race (pathotypes) and system monitoring, ascertain the types and the composition and pathogenic characteristics of the physiological races. It is the basis of breeding new resistant cultivars and deploying resistant wheat cultivars. Survey of the pathotypes and the frequency of virulence genes in China play an important role in agricultural production.
Seven hundred and fourty-one collections of Puccinia triticina Eriks. were obtained from rust-infected leaves throughout HeBei, Henan and Shandong provinces of China in 2008. Six hundred and seventy-seven single-uredinial isolates collected were tested for pathogenicity using 40 lines with different leaf rust resistance genes.
Two hundred and seven virulence phenotypes of P. triticina were detected, and among which PHTT was the most predominant one consisting of 10.04% of the population. THTT (8.12%), THJT (4.73%), PHST (3.55%), THKT (3.24%), PHRT (3.10%), THSS (2.36%), THRT (2.22%), THTS (2.07%) and PHKT(2.07%), also occurred at a relatively high frequency. The part of the same main phathotypes and the difference main phathotypes were found in the various provinces of China. The results also showed that the virulence frequency of V1, V2b, V2c, V3, V3bg, V10, V11, V14a, V14b, V16, V25, V26, VB, V33, V33+34 and V37 were above 60% in 3 provinces. Lower than 30% isolates in the population were virulent to Lr9, Lr19, Lr24, Lr38, Lr39, Lr42, Lr21+39 and Lr47(Pavon7S3), respectively, suggesting that these genes be applicable in wheat breeding for resistance. The virulence frequency of V2a and V29 were 30%-60% among 3 provinces, and the corresponding resistance genes can be used in gene deployment and pyramiding of several resistance genes. Frequency of a few virulence genes was different among different provinces. V47 were not detected in the seedling stage test. Isolates from HeBei were avirulent to Lr47(Pavon7S3) in adult stage corrsponding croping season.
Apart from a few virulence genes and main pathotypes, the frequency of other virulence genes and other main virulence phenotypes were nearly the same among different ecological zones of HeBei. Thirty wheat cultivars of HeBei have been inoculated respectively with 15 main virulence phenotypes of HeBei, two isolates of every main virulence phenotype. The result shows obviously that the wheat cultivars are susceptible to the test pathotypes.
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