摘要
褐飞虱(Nilaparvata lugens St(?)l)又称褐稻虱,属同翅目(Homoptera)飞虱科(Delphacide),是一种世界著名的水稻单食性、迁飞性害虫。褐飞虱不仅直接刺吸稻株韧皮部或在叶鞘内产卵造成直接危害,而且还传播草状丛矮病(Grass Stunt)和齿叶矮缩病(Ragged Stunt)等病毒病。20世纪70年代以前,褐飞虱在亚洲大多数国家仅仅是水稻的一种次要害虫。但在20世纪70年代以后,随着亚洲各国水稻品种和栽培耕作措施的变化,以及大量氮肥和广谱性杀虫剂的使用,褐飞虱跃居为亚洲水稻生产的头号害虫,对亚洲各国的水稻生产造成严重危害。近30年来我国褐飞虱发生和为害具有发生面积扩大、暴发频率增加和为害程度增强等特点。
长期以来,化学防治在减轻褐飞虱为害中发挥了重要作用。但是广谱杀虫剂在灭杀褐飞虱的同时,往往也杀死或驱赶了褐飞虱天敌,破坏了褐飞虱与天敌的生态平衡,导致褐飞虱数量大量增加;而且,有些杀虫剂,如甲基对硫磷和二嗪农等还能够刺激褐飞虱雌虫产卵。此外,化学药剂的使用不可避免地对自然环境造成污染和破坏。
利用品种自身的抗性被认为是防治褐飞虱为害的最经济有效途径之一。然而,在育种家努力选育一个又一个抗虫品种以抵抗褐飞虱为害的同时,褐飞虱也同样通过生物型的改变一次又一次地克服了水稻品种的抗性。为了延缓褐飞虱新生物型的产生,增加抗虫品种的使用年限,科学家提出了抗虫品种轮作、不同抗虫品种合理布局以及聚合育种等策略。同时,许多研究还表明,具有中等抗性的抗虫品种或由多基因控制的抗虫品种比由单个主基因控制的抗虫品种表现出更持久的抗性。因而,不断挖掘和利用新的抗褐飞虱主基因和抗褐飞虱数量性状基因座(quantitative trait locus, OTL),选育具有持久抗虫性的水稻品种,已成为利用水稻品种自身抗性防治褐飞虱危害的首要任务。
本研究对ASD7的抗褐飞虱主基因bph2进行了SSR定位分析及分子标记辅助选择;还利用SSR标记定位了斯里兰卡籼稻品种Rathu Heenati中的显性抗褐飞虱基因Bph3,同时分析了Col.5 Thailalld的抗褐飞虱QTL位点。有关研究结果如下:
1.利用综合性状较好对褐飞虱敏感的粳稻恢复系C418为父本,以含有bph2基因的抗褐飞虱品种ASD7为母本构建了包含134个F_(2:3)家系的群体,利用苗期接虫鉴定法对F_(2:3)家系进行抗性鉴定,并根据F_(2:3)家系的抗虫性表现推测相应F_2单株的基因型。根据http://www.dna-res.kazusa.or.jp/9/6/05/spl-table1/table1.pdf和http://www.gramene.org/网站的Gramene数据库公布的SSR序列合成引物,进行ASD7/C418 F_2分离群体的分子标记分离分析和分子连锁图的构建。利用MAPMAKER/3.0软件对F_2作图群体进行分子标记和褐飞虱抗性之间连锁分析,将ASD7的bph2基因定位于第12染色体长臂上的两个SSR
The brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens (Stal), is one of the most serious insect pests of rice (Oryza sativa L.) in Asian rice growing areas. It not only causes direct damage by sucking plant sap but also transmits several viral diseases such as rice grassy stunt and rugged stunt. BPH has been called a pest of the green revolution because of the adoption pf modern agricultural practices (e.g., flooding fields, increased use of nitrogenous fertilizer, and the use of high yielding varieties). Prior to 1970, the rice BPH was not regarded as a pest of tropical rice and received only a brief mention in an illustrated field guide to rice pests in the Philippines. Since 1970s, however, this monophagous planthopper has achieved major pest status, causing massive losses in rice production throughout Asia.Protection against BPH pest insects has depended mostly on insecticides in the past. However, one common cause of insect pest outbreaks is the resurgence of insect pest population in response to inecticide application. One of the primary factors responsible for pest resurgence has long been believed to be the elimination of natural enemies as a result of inecticide application. Another implicated resurgence mechanism is the enhancement of insect fecundity by chemical stimulation, and researchers have demonstrated that certain chemicals, such as decamethrin, methyl parathion and diazinon, could stimulate reproduction of planthopper females.Outbreaks of BPH promoted the international Rice Research Institute (IRRI) to initiate a breeding program for the development of resistant varieties of rice. To slow down the evolution of BPH population, several approaches have been proposed over the years, such as rotating different cultivars, planting multiple resistant lines within the same field, and combing different resistance genes within the same cultivar. It also has been proposed that moderate and/or polygenic resistance to insect pests, including BPH, should provide more durable resistance than single major genes. Therefore, new genes and quantitive trait locus (QTL) for BPH resistance must be constantly identified and incorporated into breeding program.In this study, SSR mapping and marker-assisted selection of a brown planthopper resistance gene bph2 in ASD7. Fine mapping of Bph3 in Rathu Heenati and analysis of
QTL for resistance to BPH in an indica rice Co1.5 Thailand were the other two main research topics in this study. The results were as folio wings:(1) In the study reported here, ASD7 harboring a BPH resistance gene bph2 was crossed to a susceptible cultivar C418, a japonica restorer line. A F2 segregating population composed of 134 plants was constructed from the cross between ASD7 and C418, and each F2 plant was selfed to obtain F2:3 line. BPH resistance was evaluated using 134 F2:3 lines, and the genotype of each F2 plant was inferred from the phenotype of corresponding F2.3 line. SSR assay and linkage analysis were carried out to detect bph2. As a result, the resistant gene bph2 in ASD7 was successfully mapped between RM7102 and RM463 on the long arm of chromosome 12, with distances of 7.6cM and 7.2 cM, respectively. Meanwhile, both phenotypic selection and marker assisted selection (MAS) were conducted in the BC1F1 and BC2F1 populations. Selection efficiencies of RM7102 and RM463 were determined to be 89.9% and 91.2% respectively. It would be very beneficial for BPH resistance improvement by using MAS of this gene.(2) A Sri Lankan indica rice (Otyza sativa L.) cultivar Rathu Heenati harboring a brown planthopper (BPH) (Nilaparvata lugens Stal) resistance gene Bph3, showed resistanqe to all the four biotypes of BPH. But Bph3 has not been mapped with molecular markers to date. In this study, we constructed a linkage map to determine the locus for BPH resistance gene, using an F2 population from a cross between 'Rathu Heenati' and a susceptible cultivar '02428'. Insect resistance was evaluated using 156 F23 lines and the genotype of each F2 plant was inferred from the phenotype of corresponding F2:3 lines. The e
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