摘要
农村社会保障是一项面向社会最困难、最底层人口的现金性财政转移支付制度,党和国家历来高度重视农村社会保障问题。进入21世纪以来特别是党的十六大以来,中央明显加快了农村社会保障建设步伐。党的十七大提出“社会保障是社会安定的重要保证。探索建立农村养老保险制度。全面推进城镇职工基本医疗保险、城镇居民基本医疗保险、新型农村合作医疗制度建设。”使具有中国特色的农村社会保障体系框架初显端倪。
黑龙江省是农业大省,“三农”问题更为突出。省委、省政府高度重视通过完善农村社会保障政策来解决民生问题,在积极采取措施落实中央关于农村社会保障方面的政策同时,紧密结合黑龙江省的实际情况,不断推进农村社会保障政策的实施,一个与经济发展水平相适应的农村社会保障体系初步形成。对黑龙江省农村社会保障政策进行全面、科学的研究,极具理论价值和现实意义。
本文综合应用福利经济学、社会保障学、公共政策学、计量经济学的相关理论对黑龙江省农村社会保障政策进行系统研究。以供给与需求理论、福利国家思想、科学发展观理论、构建和谐社会理论为基础,采用归纳分析与综合分析、理论分析与实践分析、规范分析与实证分析、定性与定量分析相结合以及比较研究、计量经济模型、深度访谈等多种方法,对黑龙江省实施农村社会保障政策的建立背景、过程、现状及存在问题进行分析,对其实施效果进行满意度评价,并提出相关结论与建议。
本文在系统分析我国农村社会保障政策变迁和国外农村社会保障理论与实践的经验前提下,对黑龙江省农村社会保障政策背景、实施现状以及存在的问题进行详尽的分析,同时对农村社会保障政策进行农民满意度评价,并提出完善黑龙江省农村社会保障政策的对策。
从制度变迁的视角,考察新中国农村社会保障政策的发展过程,分为三个时期：计划经济时期农村社会保障政策集体化阶段、经济转型时期农村社会保障政策多元化阶段、新农村建设时期农村社会保障政策制度化阶段。客观介绍各个阶段农村社会保障政策实施内容以及分析政策实施取得的成绩、存在的问题与不足。农村社会保障的发展既决定于它所依赖的经济基础,又受政治制度等其他社会环境的有力制约。促进农村经济发展是农村现代社会保障制度的建立的物质基础和经济保障,是推动现代社会保障政策形成、发展的核心力量。政府在农村社会保障政策实施中发挥主导的功能,承担着发展农村经济,增加农民收入,完善农村社会保障体系,构建覆盖城乡居民的社会保障一体化重要职责。
从国际比较分析的视角,分别分析发达国家、经济转型国家和发展中国家的农村社会保障政策的实施的经验与启示。运用比较分析法,对以德国、日本、法国、美国、瑞典等为代表的发达国家；以俄罗斯、波兰等为代表的经济转型国家；以印度、巴西、泰国为代表的发展中国家的农村社会保障政策进行分析的基础上,总结各种模式农村社会保障政策的相同之处与不同之处,分析其对黑龙江省农村社会保障政策的有益启示与可借鉴之处。
从公共政策分析的视角,对黑龙江省农村社会保障政策进行系统分析,对政策实施效果进行农民满意度评价。首先分析了以农业为主的黑龙江省,由于地处边陲、高寒的气候、农业的低效益,致使农民仍处于贫困状态。农村人口的老龄化日趋加重,农民“因病致贫,因病返贫”的现象仍然存在,迫切需要建立农村社会保障政策。黑龙江省积极采取广泛宣传、加强组织建设、加大财政投入等措施,初步构建起农村社会保障体系。其次,从政策实施主体出发,运用数据统计和深度访谈的方法分析农村社会保障政策实施的现状。通过数据统计分析各级政府执行政策的相关部门为实施农村社会保障政策多渠道筹集大量的资金,扩大保障覆盖面、提高保障水平、规范管理制度、提高管理人员素质等方面做的大量工作,取得的成效以及存在的问题。通过与政策执行者、政策受益者和普通农民的深度访谈,对同一政策、同一方面内容的不同认识,进一步分析农村社会保障政策实施的现状与问题。最后,从政策的客体出发,运用计量经济模型,对农村社会保障政策实施效果的满意度评价,分析影响政策实施的相关因素。利用抽样调查数据,采用TOPSIS法,评价农村社会保障政策实施效果的满意度,通过不同政策之间的满意度的比较,分析农民对不同政策的倾向性,进而分析影响农村社会保障政策实施效果的相关因素。发现农民对农村社会保障政策实施效果比较满意,农民倾向于福利性农村社会保障政策,影响农民对社会政策实施效果评价的因素主要是个体特征和相关政策中的部分因素,政策执行机构状况影响不显著。其中受家庭耕地面积、子女个数、年收入、农村承包土地政策、义务教育政策等因素的影响较为突出；而受教育程度、身体健康状况、村委会组织状况、乡镇干部素质、村干部素质、村委会工作方法、政府投入力度、减免补贴政策和计划生育政策对农村社会保障政策满意度评价的影响并不显著。
在总结全文的基础上,针对黑龙江省农村社会保障政策实施过程中的诸多问题,提出完善农村社会保障政策的对策建议。首先,在人人享有公平的社会保障的目标的指导下,要坚持公平与效率统一、普惠和共享,政府主导与责任分担,适度与可持续发展,统筹城乡,优先发展农村的原则：其次,采取加强新型农村合作医疗政策的管理和监督、推进新型农村养老保险政策的覆盖和整合社会救助体系等具体实施,同时完善相关的衔接机制,与城镇接轨,实现城乡统筹发展的社会保障体系。最后,完善相关政策作为保证。积极推进户籍制度改革,强化财政投入,加强组织管理,实现法治化建设。在不断加大财政投入、提高管理水平、完善配套政策的基础上,形成综合性保障体系。
本研究的创新点：
1)从农民的视角对农村社会保障政策的评价,运用满意度分析农民对社会保障政策实施的态度,考察影响农村社会保障政策实施的因素,具有创新性。
2)从黑龙江省的实际情况出发,根据调查数据,研究某一区域的农村社会保障政策现状、存在的问题及实施效果等进行系统分析,这在国内外以往的研究中尚未发现。
3)从公共政策分析的角度来研究农村社会保障政策,为该领域的研究提供新的视角和方法。
4)在政策分析和满意度评价的基础上,提出完善农村社会保障政策的模式,具有一定的探索性意义。
Rural social security is a fiscal transfer payment system in cash for the hardest and the lowest, to which the Party and Government have always attached great importance. Since the beginning of the21st century, especially since the16th CPC National Congress, the Central markedly accelerated the pace of the construction of rural social security. The17th CPC National Congress put forward,"social security is an important guarantee of social stability. Explore the establishment of rural endowment insurance system, comprehensively promote the urban basic medical insurance, basic medical insurance for urban residents, construction of new rural cooperative medical care system." The rural social security framework with Chinese characteristics begins to construct.
Heilongjiang Province is a major agricultural province, accordingly, the "three Rural" issue is more prominent. The Provincial Party Committee and Government attach great importance to solve the livelihood problems through the improvement of rural social security policy, while actively taking measures to implement the Central policies on rural social security, Constantly advance the implementation on rural social security policy, the rural social security system commensurate with the level of economic development in Heilongjiang Province has taken the initial formation. A comprehensive and scientific research into rural social security policy in Heilongjiang Province has the great theoretical and practical significance.
The dissertation is a comprehensive research into rural social security policy in the application of welfare economics, social security, science, public policy Heilongjiang Province. On the basis of the related theories of welfare economics, supply and demand theory, the welfare state ideology, the scientific development theory, building a harmonious society, the research analyses the background, process, present situation and problems of rural social security policy in Heilongjiang Province, with the application of inductive analysis and a comprehensive analysis; theoretical analysis and practical analysis; normative analysis and empirical analysis; qualitative and quantitative analysis; comparative study; the econometric model; depth interviews,etc. The research also evaluates the satisfaction index to the policy implementation effect and makes relevant conclusions and recommendations.
Under the premise of the systematic analysis of China's rural social security policy changes and the foreign rural social security theories and practice, the dissertation makes detailed analysis of the background of rural social security policy in Heilongjiang Province, the implementation and the problems existed. It evaluates the satisfaction index to rural social security effect of policy implementation and proposes to improve the rural social security policy countermeasures in Heilongjiang Province.
From the perspective of policy changes, the development of China's rural social security policy is divided into three phases:collectivization phase in the planned economy, the diversification phase in economic transformation, and the institutionalization phase in new rural construction period. It is objectively informed that the content, achievements on implementation, problems and shortcomings on various stages of rural social security policy. The development of rural social security not only depends on the economic development, but also on the powerful constraints of the other social environment, such as the political system. Promoting rural economic development is the material foundation and economic security of the rural social security system, which is the core to promote modern social security policy formation and development. The government is playing a dominant role in the implementation of the rural social security policy, who is responsible for the development of rural economy, increasing farmers' income, improving the rural social security system, and constructing social security integration to cover both urban and rural residents.
From the perspectives of international comparative analysis, it analyses of experience and enlightenment of the rural social security policy implementation in developed countries, in economy transition countries and developing countries. With the use of comparative analysis method, it analyzes the rural social security policies in the developed countries represented by Germany, Japan, France, the United States, and Sweden, some countries in economic transitions represented by Russia, and Poland, and some developing countries represented by India, Brazil, and Thailand. It then summarizes the similarities and differences of the various modes of rural social security policy, and analyzes the useful insights and references to rural social security policy in Heilongjiang Province.
From the perspective of public policy evaluation, the research systematically analyses rural social security policies in Heilongjiang Province, and evaluates the satisfaction index to the policy implementation. First of all, it analyses the factors causing the poverty of farmers in agriculture-based Heilongjiang Province, such as border location, cold climate, and low efficiency. The aging of the rural population is increasingly aggravated. Farmers are caused into poverty by illness and back into poverty. In such a case, there is an urgent need to establish a rural social security policy. Heilongjiang Province has initially built up a rural social security system by actively giving wide publicity, strengthening the organization construction, increasing financial investment and other measures. Secondly, from the perspective of policy implementation, it analyzes the implementation status of the rural social security policy with the use of data statistics and depth interviews. It statistically analyzes the achievements and problems existed in the relevant departments at various levels of government for implementing rural social security policies by raising money through various channels, by expanding security coverage, by standardizing management system, by improving the management personnel quality. By depth interviews with policy implementers, policy beneficiaries and rural residents, it further analyzes the status and problems of the rural social security policy implementation of the same policy from different perceptions of the same aspects. Finally, by using econometric models to evaluate the satisfaction index to rural social security policy, it analyzes relevant factors affecting the implementation of the policies.
Using sample survey data and the TOPSIS method to evaluate rural social security policy implementation satisfaction index, comparing the satisfaction indexes between the different policies, it analyzes the tendency of the rural residents to different policies, and further analyzes relevant factors influencing rural social security policy implementation. It finds out that rural residents are generally satisfied with the rural social security policy implementation. Rural residents are inclined to the welfare of rural social security policy. The main factors to influence the rural residents in evaluation to social security implementation are the individual characteristics and partial factors in related policies. The policy implementation agencies status has no significant effect. Among them, the family arable land, the number of children, annual income, rural contracted land policy, and the policy of compulsory education affect significantly; while the level of education, physical health status, the village committee organization status, the quality of township cadres, village cadres' quality, the village committee working methods, the government investment, the relief subsidies policy, and family planning policy do not affect significantly in the satisfaction index evaluation of the rural social security policy.
In conclusion, on the basis of the problems in the implementation of rural social security policy in Heilongjiang Province, the dissertation puts forward some rural social security policy suggestions. First of all, with the guidance of everyone is entitled to enjoy fair social security, we should insist on these principles, the unity of equity and efficiency, popularization of benefits and sharing, government-led and shared responsibility, moderate and sustainable development, planning the urban and rural as a whole, and giving priority to rural areas. Next, we should strengthen the management and supervision of the new rural cooperative medical policies, promote the new rural endowment insurance policy coverage and integration of the social assistance system, at the same time, improve the convergence mechanism, and integrate with urban standards, and develop the social security system in urban and rural regions together. Finally, we should improve the related policy as a guarantee, actively promoting the reform of household registration system, strengthening the financial input and strengthening the organization and management, and realizing the legalization construction. On the basis of constantly increasing financial investment, improving management, perfecting the supporting policies, a comprehensive social security system will be formed.
Innovation of this study:
1) The research provides a new perspective and method in the research area to investigate the factors that affect the rural social security implementation, especially on the effect of policy implementation from the perspective of public policy.
2) The research is innovative to analyze the evaluation satisfaction index to social security policy implementation from the farmer's perspective.
3) The research is the first to investigate a regional rural social security policy status, problems, and implementation effects from the actual situation of the Heilongjiang Province on the basis of survey data.
4) The research has some exploration significance to construct a rural social security policy model on the basis of policy analysis and satisfaction evaluation.
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