摘要
长期以来,人们普遍认为硝化反硝化过程的中间产物---亚硝态氮在陆地和水生生态系统中不会产生长期累积,只是反应过程的瞬间产物。近年来,有研究者在陆地生态系统的细质地土壤和酸性褐土中中发现了高浓度的亚硝态氮,也有研究发现高pH和高铵态氮的土壤会产生亚硝态氮的累积。亚硝态氮由于在食物和饮水方面对人体的危害越来越受到关注。本文通过研究石灰性土壤氮素转化过程中亚硝态氮的累积,探讨了土壤亚硝态氮的累积情况与土壤温度、水分、氮素用量等各影响因子间的关系;并对我国主要土壤氮素的硝化特征及亚硝态氮的累积与土壤性质的关系进行研究。结果表明:
1.通过对尿素、硫酸铵、硝酸铵、硝酸钠、亚硝酸钠硝化过程中亚硝态氮浓度累积的研究,发现在培养条件下(土壤水分为田间最大持水量(WHC)的60 %,温度为25℃)硝酸钠处理下的土壤中几乎未检测到亚硝态氮,3种铵态氮肥处理均有不同程度的亚硝态氮累积,土壤中亚硝态氮含量依次为硫酸铵>尿素>硝酸铵,亚硝酸钠处理下土壤亚硝态氮浓度在整个培养过程中始终保持在较高水平。说明在培养条件下,土壤中亚硝态氮主要来源于土壤硝化过程,且高浓度的亚硝态氮能在土壤中长时间累积。
2.分别在施用不同尿素量、不同培养温度及不同水分条件下研究石灰性土壤中亚硝态氮的累积情况及与各影响因子间的关系,发现土壤中亚硝态氮浓度与铵态氮浓度呈极显著正相关(p < 0.01),与硝化速率呈极显著负相关(p < 0.01)。土壤中亚硝态氮浓度随氮肥施用量的增加而增大;随土壤水分含量的增加而上升;培养温度为45℃时亚硝态氮浓度最小,培养温度为25和35℃时土壤亚硝态氮浓度差异较小,且均高于45℃时。土壤中亚硝态氮累积总量与氮肥用量和土壤水分含量均呈显著直线正相关(p < 0.01);亚硝态氮最大浓度与土壤水分含量呈显著直线正相关(p < 0.01),出现在硝化作用5 ~10 d后。
3.在不同尿素量条件下,土壤中亚硝态氮浓度随尿素施用量的增加而增大,当土壤中C:N约为25:1时(即当尿素施用量为0.4 g·kg-1),土壤亚硝态氮浓度与土壤脲酶活性成显著负相关(p < 0.05);当土壤中C:N大于或小于25:1时,两者无相关性。当尿素用量为0.2 g·kg-1与0.4 g·kg-1时,土壤亚硝态氮浓度与土壤电导率成极显著正相关(p < 0.01);土壤pH的变化与土壤中亚硝态氮的浓度无显著相关性。
4.全国13种主要土壤亚硝态氮累积的试验表明:亚硝态氮的峰值浓度以褐土最高,其次是淤灌土;黑土、黄壤和棕壤在培养过程中几乎未检测到亚硝态氮。亚硝态氮累积总量以褐土、淤灌土最大,水稻土和砖红壤最小。培养初期(3 d)的亚硝态氮浓度在0~40 mg·kg-1变化不等。各供试土壤中亚硝态氮的峰值浓度、累积总量和培养3d时土壤中的亚硝态氮浓度与土壤pH均呈显著正相关(p < 0.05);土壤黏粒含量与各供试土壤中亚硝态氮峰值浓度呈显著负相关(p < 0.05),与培养3d时土壤中的亚硝态氮浓度呈极显著负相关(p < 0.01);各供试土壤中亚硝态氮累积总量和培养3d时土壤中亚硝态氮浓度与土壤碳酸钙含量均呈显著负相关(p < 0.05);各供试土壤培养3d时土壤中亚硝态氮的浓度与土壤无定形铁呈显著负相关(p < 0.05)。土壤pH、黏粒、无定形铁含量通过直接和间接效应成为影响土壤亚硝态氮峰值浓度、累积总量、培养3天时亚硝态氮的浓度的主要原因,而土壤脲酶活性对三个因变量的作用均很微弱。
5.我国13种主要土壤中硝态氮的“S”形曲线方程模拟得出,土壤最大硝化作用速率(Kmax)以黄绵土最高,其次是红油土,以砖红壤为最小。硝态氮累积达到最大需要的时间(t0)以水稻土为最长,其次是砖红壤和棕壤,以燥红土和淤灌土最小。土壤最大硝化作用速率(Kmax)与土壤pH值均成显著正相关(p < 0.05),与土壤无定形铁含量成显著负相关(p < 0.05),但达到最大硝化速率需要的时间(t0)与土壤pH值呈显著负相关(p < 0.05)。土壤最大硝化速率(Kmax)与培养3天时土壤中亚硝态氮的浓度呈极显著正相关。经通径分析表明土壤pH值、土壤无定形铁含量、碳酸钙量和土壤阳离子代换量(CEC)是影响土壤最大硝化速率及达到最大硝化速率对应的时间t0的主要因素。
Ever since a long time ago, nitrite was generally regarded as temperatorly intermediate product during nitrification and denitrification in terrestrial and marine ecosystems. Recent years, some study had found that high concentration of nitrite could be exisited in fine texture soil and acidic soil of terrestrial ecosystem. Other study had observed that high soil pH and high ammonium content could result in nitrite accumulation in soil. Due to harmful effects of nitrite from foods and drinking water for human beings, more and more attention had been payed to nitrite production and accumulations. This study mainly focused on nitrite accumulation during nitrogen transformation process, the relationship between soil nitrite accumulation in calcareous soil and the influential factors such as temperature, moisture regimes, nitrogen type, and nitrogen rates and so on were also considered. Meanwhile, the relationship between the soil nitrification characteristic, soil nitrite accumulation and various kinds of soil properties were also discussed. The results were as follows:
1. The soil nitrite accumulation was studied through studying the urea, ammonium sulphate, ammonium nitrate, sodium nitrate and sodium nitrite transformation in calcareous soil. Under the incubation condition (60%WHC, 25℃), sodium nitrate treatment got undetectable nitrite content. On the contrast, there were nitrite accumulation appeared for all three ammonium nitrogen fertilizers, the nitrite content in soil was decreased in the order ammonium sulphate> urea> ammonium nitrate. Sodium nitrite treatment was kept on high nitrite content during the whole incubation period. Theses indected that soil nitrite accumulation derived from soil nitrogen nitrification and high nitrite concentration could be accumulated in soil for a long time in the current incubition codition.
2. In the laboratory experiments different fertilizer rates, various moisture contents, and temperature regimes were applied in the same incubations to identify the optimum conditions for nitrite production and accumulation in calcareous soil. Soil nitrite concentration was positively correlated with ammonia content(p < 0.01) and negatively correlated with the nitrification rate for three tested ammonium fertilizers(p < 0.01). Meanwhile, soil nitrite concentration was descended with the increased of fertilizer use amount and soil moisture. Nitrite production was small under incubation temperature of 45℃, there was not any significant difference between incubation temperature of 25℃and 35℃, but soil nitrite concentration were bigger than that soil incubated at 45℃. The total nitrite accumulated amount during incubation period was significantly agreement with nitrogen rates and soil moisture. The maximum nitrite concentration in soil was remarkable correlated with soil moisture content, and appeared 5~ 10 days after fertilizer application. 3. The soil nitrite concentration was increased with the urea dose. While the soil C: N was 25:1 (0.4g urea·kg-1), soil nitrite concentration was negatively correlated with the activity of soil urease(p < 0.05). While the soil C: N was greater or less than 25:1, they were no correlation. The nitrite concentration was positively correlated with soil electrical conductivity while the urea does was 0.2 g·kg-1and 0.4 g·kg-1(p < 0.01). Soil pH was no significantly relation with soil nitrite concentration(p < 0.01).
4. To study the correlation between nitre accumulation in the thirteen soil of China and soil properties. The result showed that the max nitrite concentration was the most in drab soil, next is colmatage soil, there were not any nitrite was found in black soil, yellow soil and brown soil. Total nitrite accumulation was the most in drab soil and colmatage soil, and the least was paddy soil and lateritic soil. The nitrite concentration after incubation 3 days was in a range of 0~ 40 mg·kg-1. The max nitrite concentration, total nitrite accumulation and the nitrite concentration after incubation 3 days were positively correlated with soil pH. The max nitrite concentration and the nitrite concentration after incubation 3 days were negatively correlated with soil clay grain. The total nitrite accumulation and nitrite concentration after incubation 3 days were negatively correlated with soil calcium carbonate. The nitrite concentration after incubation 3 days was negatively correlated with amorphous iron. pH, caly grain and amorphours iron were the majoy factors influencing the maximum, total and the nitrite concentration after incubation 3 days, while the urease active had the least influence on them.
5. The changes nitrate accumulation with time was determined during the process of nitrification. The equation NtNO=SNO/ (1+ (EXP (a- bt))) was used to express the accumulation of nitrate with time. The maximal soil nitrification rate Kmax and nitrification time t0 were derived from the equation and used to characterize quantatively the nitrification process in different soils. Kmax of Loessal soil was the highest, Red oil soil was next, and the lowest was Lateritic soil. The t0 of Paddy soil was the longest, Lateritic soil and Brown soil were next, Savanna red soil and Colmatage soil were the shortest. Soil Kmax had a positive correlation with soil pH and had a negatively correlation with soil amorphous iron, but t0 had a sifnificant negative consistant with soil pH. Kmax was remarkable positively correlated with the nitrite concentration after incubation 3 days. With respect to the effect in the path analysis, soil pH, soil amorphous iron, CaCO3 content and CEC were the most sifnificantly influence on Kmax and t0.
引文
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