摘要
硝化作用是氮素在土壤中的重要转化过程,研究硝化作用是提高氮素利用效率,合理施用氮肥的重要基础。本实验以干润均腐土(Cal-Ustic Isohumasols)为供试土壤,通过调控培养温度和水分等实验条件,设置不同NH4~+-N添加量、N/P、NH4~+-N的伴随离子等,在室内进行恒温培养,在定期测定土壤中NH4~+-N和NO3~--N含量及pH变化的基础上,对测定结果进行统计分析和数学模拟回归,依据Michaelis-Menten反应动力假说,分别建立了不同NH4~+-N添加量、不同N/P和不同伴随离子NH4~+-N和NO3~--N变化硝化动力学模型,并通过数学方法分析了回归模型及其硝化速率方程的特点,通过研究取得以下主要结果: 1.分别确立了在硝化过程中的NH4~+-N和NO3~--N变化动力学模型:式中:N tNO为培养期间NO3~--N积累量S NO为NO3~--N积累量的渐近值N tNH为培养期间NH4~+-N剩余量S 0为NH4~+-N添加量(已知量) S NH为NH4~+-N消耗量的渐近值t为实验培养时间a和b为常数在上述方程的基础上,将土壤中通过其它来源的NH4~+-N和NO3~--N补充后,进一步确了在硝化过程中NH4~+-N和NO3~--N变化的动力学模型:式中:a、b、c和d为常数。该模型主要改包括了土壤有机氮的矿化。并由此导出NH4~+-N和NO3~--N随时间变化的速率方程。2.发现最大硝化速率与NH4HCO3添加量无关。NH4~+-N最大减少速率变化在13.048~19.908 mg/kg.d之间,NH4~+-N减少速率达到最大的时间较NO3~--N增加速率达到最大的时间短;NO3~--N增加最大速率变化在4.294一9.884 mg瓜g.d之间，N03一N增加达到最大速率的时间(t。)较NH4十一N减少速率达到最大的时间长。t。随N’H4十一N添加量的增加而延长。t。N。变化在l·469一6·492d之间，t。NH变化在0·612一2·18ld之间，同一水平N’H4十一N添加量的t。NH较tox。早出现0 .1 842一5.252d，即一变化在13.0450一19.9075 mg/kg.d之间，1.366一9.554 mg/k g.d之间，说明钙积干润均腐土的硝化作用属于硝化作用缓慢型。NH4十一N消耗量的渐近值大于N03一N积累量的渐近值，说明土壤中NH4十一N并未全部转化为N03一N，NH4十一N还存在有其它形式转化。在1 00mg瓜g干土NH4十一N添加量范围内，NH4十一N消耗和N03一N增加速率随NH4十一N添加量的增加而增加。在同一NH4十一N添加水平下，不同利用方式的土壤NH4十一N消耗速率相同或相近，N03一N增加速率相同或相近。
3.在NH犷一N添加的同时添加水溶性磷酸盐，由于形成磷酸盐缓冲体系。可有效降低十壤中NH;分压，抑制了NH，HCO;加入后十壤nH的增加，降低氨挥分，此应未添加水溶性磷酸盐处理（3:0、2:0和1:0）时长，oNO t较对应未添加水溶性磷酸盐处理（3:0、2:0和1:0）时短，NH NO S≈S。说明水溶性磷酸盐能够促进硝化作用的进行；Cl-能够延缓NH+-N的硝化，NH4Cl处理的NH+-N消耗和NO3~--N增加速率在较长时间内（1 w）维持在较低水平，随后升至与(NH4)2SO4相当。SO42-对NH4~+-N的硝化作用具有一定促进作用。总体上伴随离子对NH4~+-N最大消耗和NO3~--N最大增加速率影响不大。伴随离子对NH4~+-N起始消耗和NO3~--N起始增加速率均存在较为明显的影响。
4.钙积干润均腐土NO3~--N增加最大速率（5.8~8.8 mg/kg.d）接近于一固定值与肥料种类无关。NH+-N的消耗最大速率（7.8~3.5 mg/kg.d）变幅较大，与肥料性质和土壤生物性质有关。
5.在考虑土壤中其它NH4~+-N其它去向时,土壤中NH4~+-N消耗和NO3--N增加规律存在着巨大的差异,NH4~+-N消耗速率明显高与NO3--N增加增加速率(约50%),且培养后期(可能铵是土壤颗粒固定和生物固定)NH4~+-N消耗速率曲线出现再次升高现象。说明培养前期存在着其它形式的NH4~+-N消耗,培养后期存在着NH4~+-N释放现象。
The nitrification is an important nitrogen transformation in soils. Studying on nitrification is an important foundation for increasing the nitrogen using efficiency and rationally using nitrogen fertilizers. Our research used indoors fosters method, and the experiment used the fresh Cal-Ustic Isohumasols as sample soils. The two main factors of the experiment were the temperature and soil moisture with controlling the dosage of nitrogen fertilizer, N/P, and the anion of the Ammonium nitrogen. It is different monitored that contents of the NH4~+-N, NO3~--N & pH changes regulation of everyday. According to the Michaelis-menten kinetic, difference nitrification kinetics models of the NH4~+-N & NO3—N were established. The main conclusions were shown as follows:
1. Difference nitrification kinetics models of the NH4~+-N & NO3~-N were established: N tNO: Dynamic content of nitrification nitrogen S NO: Approach value of nitrification nitrogen t : Time a, b: Constant The above models were modified by recruiting the absorbing NH4~+-N & NO3~--N by other creature. Get the new nitrification kinetics models shown as blow: a, b,c,d: Constant 2.The application amount of NH4HCO3 is not correlative with the rate of nitrification .The max- rate of the NH4~+-N lessening is in the range of 13.0480~19.9075 mg/kg.d, whose time (t oNH) is shorter than the rate of the NO3~--N adding to rise maximum. The max- rate of the NO3~--N adding is in the range of 13.0480~19.9075 mg/kg.d, and its time (t oNO) is longer than the rate of the NH4~+-N lessening to rise maximum. The t ois along with extension the dosage of nitrogen fertilizer rising. In the same dosage of nitrogen fertilizer, the t oNH is 0.1842~5.252 d shorter than the t oNO,In other words,the range of 13.0480~19.9075 mg/kg.d and the is in the range of 1.3662~9.8840mg/kg.d, and therefore, The results indicated that the notification of the Cal-Ustic Isohumasols is a slow-release type. The asymptotic value of the NH4~+-N lessening is bigger than the asymptotic value of the NO3~--N ( S NO < SNH). It is indicated that the part NH4~+-N was oxidized and remain was made use of other. In the 100mg/kg dry soils range dosage of nitrogen fertilizer, the rate of the NH4~+-N lessening and the NO3~--N adding move up for the dosage of nitrogen fertilizer, the rate of the NH4~+-N lessening and the NO3~--N adding is approximate in the different recovery soil.
3. The nitrogen and phosphoric combination can form the phosphoric acid salt buffer system. The phosphoric acid salt could markedly decreased N loss by ammonium volatilization. Because of the decrease of differential pressures of ammonium and pH of soil increased rise, the is similar to the . It is higher than the dosage of nitrogen. The t oNH is longer than the dosage of nitrogen (3:0,2:0,1:0) and the t oNO is shorter than the dosage of nitrogen (3:0,2:0,1:0). The asymptotic value of NH4~+-N similar to the asymptotic value of NO3~--N ( S NH≈SNO).The phosphoric acid salt can repress the ammonia volatilization, and it can promote the proceeding notification. The chloride anion inconspicuous influxes rate of the NH4~+-N lessening and rate of the NO3~--N adding. Its main influence the NH4~+-N releasing, it is result that nitrifying is low. The sulfate anion can offer“O-”. It advances the ammonium nitrogen boring. The anion inconspicuous influence the max-rate of the NH4~+-N lessening and rate of the NO3~--N adding. It conspicuous influence the original rate of the NH4~+-N lessening & the rate of the NO3~--N adding. The fertilizers is in the chemistry in the soil behavior, it is effected the NH4~+-N many to change.
4.In the Cal-Ustic Isohumasols, the max-rate of the NO3~--N adding approximate is a constant (5.8~8.8mg/kg.d), which have nothing to do with type of fertilizers. The max-rate of the NH4~+-N lessening have a big extent (7.8~23.5 mg/kg.d), which is relative with the characteristics of fertilizers and soil’s biota characters.
5. There is significant different rate that the rate of the NH4~+-N lessening & the NO3~--N adding when we think creature factor in the soil (about 50%). And the rate of the NH4~+-N lessening again rise up in the indoor fosters last term, which revealed that other forms of the NH4~+-N were lessening in the prophase and the ammonium nitrogen was boring in the anaphase.
引文
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