摘要
1945年8月15日,日本无条件投降,朝鲜半岛被解放,苏美两国以“三八线”为界对朝进行分区管辖,自此南北对立形成。
解放初期,深受封建土地制度和日本殖民统治双重压迫的朝鲜农民,对于当时的经济状况表示强烈的不满,强烈要求土地改革。封建土地所有制是地主阶级政治势力的经济基础,是农民贫穷的根源,不仅阻碍了农业生产力的发展,还是抑制朝鲜其他部门发展的严重桎梏。因此,朝鲜经济社会发展的最迫切的事情就是土地改革。
土地改革对于解放后的朝鲜是势在必行的,土地改革反映出了当代朝鲜农民的迫切需要。作家李箕永与黄顺元从各自不同的社会理念出发,将朝鲜的土地改革加以文学形象化,从不同的文学角度解读了当时的这一历史事件。本论文通过反映朝鲜土地改革事件的作品—《土地》与《该隐的后裔》这两部长篇小说的比较,从作品的创作倾向,人物形象,创造特点等方面入手进行研究,再现土改时客观真实的场景,还原当时土地改革时期朝鲜农民真实的全貌。
朝鲜和韩国是同一民族,由于1945年朝鲜半岛解放后南北在意识形态上的差异和长期的民族分裂,产生了不同体系的文学史,文学价值观。对此,本论文通过朝鲜—韩国土地改革题材小说的比较研究,以“统一文学史”这个大课题为前提,思考朝鲜半岛文学史的研究方法。
本文研究朝鲜与韩国两国杰出的作家李箕永与黄顺元的土地改革题材小说的类似性与差异性,旨意乃在两部长篇小说的比较中,寻出土地改革事件小说化的现实意义,所以本文采用平行比较的方法进行研究。
李箕永与黄顺元分别是朝鲜和韩国的著名作家,他们的创作发展过程,随着他们所选的理念的差异而不同,为我们勾勒出朝鲜与韩国不同的文学史的发展脉络。由于意识形态的认识不同,他们将同一个历史事件,从不同的角度进行了文学写生,重现历史的客观性。
考察国内外对李箕永和黄顺元的个别研究已经取得了较多成果,但在土地改革题材小说的比较研究领域中仍然停留在基础阶段,因此,本论文从作家的创作倾向及创作手法上进行全面分析,考察作者们如何将土地改革事件反映在文学作品中,透过文学作品的比较,重新审视小说中人物及叙事所承载的真实性,这将对开拓朝鲜—韩国统一文学史研究工作产生现实性意义。
本文共分为五章：
第一章为绪论部分,在整理和考察先行研究的基础上,说明本论文研究的目的与研究意义,研究对象及研究方法。
第二章分别考察了解放初期,在朝鲜和韩国文学界,反映土地改革题材的小说作品,并在比较中分析了这一时期朝鲜与韩国文坛上土地改革主题的小说盛行的原因及小说作品所具有的特点。考察中可以发现,在朝鲜实行的这一场声势浩大的革命给整个朝鲜社会带来了开天辟地的变化,农民从此摆脱了封建剥削体制的束缚,真正当家做了主人,完全改变了命运。如此气势磅礴的改革,给作家们提供了丰富的素材,在朝鲜涌现出了一批批反映土地改革的小说。相比之下,在韩国,美国政府实行下的土地改革不仅没有改变农民们贫苦的生活,反而加剧了农民们的负担,生活依然水深火热,因此韩国文坛中反映土地问题的小说皆是批判解放的虚伪性及农民们对土地的渴求,以及对朝鲜土地改革的向往和对腐败的美韩政府肆无忌惮的征收为主题的作品。这一部分主要从解放初期朝鲜和韩国文坛上创作土地改革相关小说方面进行了考察。通过考察发现,在朝鲜反映土地改革的小说起到了歌颂社会主义体制优越性的作用和充当了传达党的教诲的宣传工具的作用。但是,反映韩国土地改革的小说更多体现的是穷苦农民悲惨的生活和对于美军政府剥削的不满与反抗,表达了对土地的渴望以及对解放的失望。
同时,还考察了李箕永与黄顺元作家的土改体验与土改题材小说的创作情况。从考察两位作家的生涯出发,明确了李箕永与黄顺元的土改题材小说的创作动机,经历了土地改革的洗礼,有着不同成长背景的李箕永与黄顺元,对土地改革事件各自产生了不同的理解,尽管《土地》和《该隐的后裔》这两部长篇小说在反映当时的政治事件上都有着各自不全面的理解,但是作家对当时局势的如此激烈的客观反映,恰巧说明当时作家们强烈的个人体验。
李箕永与黄顺元则以自己熟悉的农村生活和亲身体验为主,对朝鲜土地改革进行了整体的反映。但是其结果却截然不同,这不禁给予我们重新审视当时历史事件的文学依据,也为完善和丰富朝鲜与韩国统一文学史的研究提供了依据。
第三章从剖析小说主题着手,对《土地》和《该隐的后裔》两部作品的创作倾向进行了比较分析,全面系统的考察了两部作品的主题,人物形象等方面的异同点,把握了小说中体现的土地改革时期的社会现实的真实性与客观性。
随着1953年朝鲜战争的结束,三八线的巩固,朝鲜半岛正式分割为南北两个独立的国家即朝鲜与韩国。在不同政权的领导下,朝鲜和韩国各自走上了不同社会体制的道路。某种意义上,土地改革的实施正是表示两个国家从此走向不同体制的标志。
这一部分从《土地》和《该隐的后裔》中的人物形象分析,主题分析入手,并结合时代特征、作家经历、创作目的等方面考察两部小说的异同,并阐明原因,期望能够提供一个新的视角。
李箕永作为社会主义左翼作家,当看到经受封建压迫的贫苦农民获得了土地时所表现出的喜悦与感激之情,促使作家将这一翻天覆地的变化反映在文学作品中,歌颂社会政权的先进性。李箕永的《土地》是朝鲜在土改方面最成功的作品之一,反映了变革时期的土改成果,表现了土改的历史意义,叙述了农村封建势力的垮台和贫苦农民成长为新社会主人公的过程,以及强调了朝鲜共产党的领导作用。
黄顺元的《该隐的后裔》则从相反的角度审视了土地改革,作品中土地改革的到来不仅没有给农民们带来过多的喜悦,反而给平静的村庄带来了骚动,村民之间的互相猜忌,使得土地改革失去了其正面影响及为农民当家作主带来的惠泽蒙上了阴影。黄顺元从受害者的视角解读了土地改革,并将土地改革不成熟的一面及负面影响加以扩大,对土地改革进行了不完全的否定。作品中主人公精神上的彷徨、放任、不抵抗、不反对等表现均说明黄顺元作家对土地改革并不是完全的抵触。
本章对李箕永的《土地》和与黄顺元的《该隐的后裔》这两部小说做了全面的比较,从作品的具体分析到整体创作进行了考察,既把握他们各自作品的主题,也发现了两位作家在小说创作上的异同点。两位作家由于文学观念的差异,在作品中都表现出鲜明的政治倾向性,各自对朝鲜土改时期的社会面貌进行了不同的整体反映。李箕永要表现时代,歌颂土地改革的先进性,优越性,表现出翻身的农民积极进取,投身建设理想的社会主义新农村,追求美好的生活,向往幸福生活的憧憬；黄顺元则通过土地改革的实行表现出,当利害关系受到抵触时,人的道德底线彻底瓦解,人的贪婪、残忍的欲望吞噬了人情冷暖,从简单反映土地改革事件升华到对社会政权乃至意识形态的否认及排斥,作品中透出要用人文主义关怀及宽容解决人与人之间的隔阂,表达出对人的本性的重新思考。李箕永在《土地》中塑造了高大全的典型主人公郭石头人物形象,以揭示社会发展的未来前景,但黄顺元在《该隐的后裔》中塑造了懦弱、没落的二代地主朴勋这一知识分子形象,通过朴勋的视角揭露了朝鲜土改带来的负面影响。由于两位作家有着不同的生活经历,社会背景与理念的差异,他们通过文学作品反映出同一个历史事件的不同的结果。
第四章主要从两部作品的艺术特征层面比较分析了小说的异同点。从人物关系的设定及矛盾,创作手法及艺术表现等方面的比较,分别进行了考察。
通过分析发现,《土地》与《该隐的后裔》小说中出现的人物关系的设定结构不尽相同,都是采取了地主-农民-理想人物的三角结构。矛盾纠葛上,在土改作为大背景下阶级矛盾与爱情矛盾交替出现,体现强烈的现实性与鲜明的时代性,但是由于作者的经历与写作目的不同,所塑造出的人物形象有很大的差异。《土地》中反映的是从奴隶翻身做主人的积极向上的农民形象,在《土地》中刻画的农民形象几乎都是积极的,向上的,正面人物形象,对剥削农民的地主阶级形象加以讽刺、批判,而《该隐的后裔》中将农民们塑造成消极的,保守的,自私的负面人物形象,对地主形象反而加以善良,宽容,大公无私的刻画,表示出对地主阶级的同情,从此反映出对土地改革的反感及对人性的反思。
另外,在创作手法及作品风格等方面,分别进行了比较考察。朝鲜的土地改革是朝鲜半岛分裂后使朝鲜半岛南北文学产生差异的历史契机。以土地改革为素材创作的小说是社会主义立场上概括的诠释、反映生活的社会主义文学。李箕永从社会主义现实主义创作方法出发,黄顺元则从批判现实主义创作方法出发,揭示了土地改革给农民带来的正面的积极地能量和负面的消极的因素。两部小说均采用了现实主义手法的创作方法,将解放初期朝鲜土地改革实施下的朝鲜不同的社会面貌,反映的淋漓尽致,一个歌颂土地改革,而另一个则批判,一个将土改下的农村进行了美化,另一个则丑化了农民,反映出对现实的否定,这种创作方法的不同直接影响到作品的结尾,《土地》的结尾以苦尽甘来式、大团圆式结局收尾,但《该隐的后裔》的结尾以主人公朴勋惩治二地主后离开家乡,越过三八线的悲剧式结局收尾。这归结于作者的意识形态的对立。
第五章在总结概括了前章节中的内容,论述了以土地改革为题材的《土地》与《该隐的后裔》这两部小说作品的类似性与差异性及其原因,作为本论文的结论。
on August15,1945with unconditional surrender of Japan, the Korean peninsula was liberated. Russia and America occupied the Korean peninsula by the "38th parallel", during which time the opposition formed. In initial stage of liberation, under the double oppression of feudal land system and Japan's colonial control, Korean farmers strongly demanded for land reform with dissatisfaction for the economy. Feudal land ownership, which was the economic foundation of the landlord class as well as the root cause of farmers'poverty not only hindered the development of agricultural productivity, but severely restrained for the development of other departments. Therefore the most urgent thing for the North Korea's economic and social development was the land reform.
Land reform is imperative for the liberation of north Korea, which reflected the contemporary Korean farmers urgent needs. The writer Lee Ki-young and Hwang Soon-Won interpreted the literally visualized historical events of the time from different social concepts. On the comparison of the two novels "The Land" and "The Descendents of Cain", through the research of the tendency on works' recreation, the character images, and the creative traits, these two novels objectively represented the authentic scene of the land reform. Besides the comparison of the masterpieces from two writers with complete different concept and ideology, restored the real picture of the Korean farmers during the land reform period.
After the liberation of the Korean peninsula in1945, because of the abruption in ideology and long-standing ethnic separatist, the north and south of Korea with the same root produced different systems of literary history and literary values. Accordingly through comparative study of the north and the south Korean land reform novels, premising on the academic subject of the "unified literature", this paper will cogitate about the approach on the study of literary history of the Korean peninsula.
Studying on the similarity and difference of land reform novel from the two distinguished writers, Lee Ki-young and Hwang Soon-Won, this paper will attempt to find out the practical significance of novels on the land reform events. thus the parallel comparative study method is selected.
During the creative process, Lee Ki-young and Hwang Soon-Won, the two famous writers in north Korea and South Korea with different concepts, drew the disparted outline of the literary historical development of north Korea and South Korea. Due to the different ideological recognition, they made the literary sketches on the same historical event objectively from different angles.
It was observed that the national and abroad study on the works of Lee Ki-young and Hwang Soon-Won had made a certain progress, but in the field of comparative study the land reform novels still stay in the foundation stage. therefore, basing on the comprehensive analysis from the writer's creation tendency and technique,this paper will study how the authors reflected the land reform events in literary works. through the comparison of the works, the paper will re-examine the reality conveyed by the characters and narrative in the novels, which will bring the practical significance for the historical study on the north-South Korea's unification.
This paper is divided into the following five parts.
The first chapter is introduction, which is based on the former research, consists of research purpose and significance, object of the study and research method.
The second chapter is about the study on North Korean and South Korean novels reflecting the agrarian reform in initial post-liberation period. This part analyses the causes of the prevailing novels on agrarian reform and their characteristics in this period in North and South Korea. Through the analysis, we can find epoch-making changes to the entire Korea brought by their huge revolution. The peasants got rid of the bondage of feudal exploitation system and became the real master of the country, which changed their destiny. The sweeping transformation offered the writers plenty of material. Numerous novels on agrarian reform emerged in Korean literary circles. In contrast, land reform carried out by American government did not change the poor living condition in South Korea. What's more, it aggravated peasants'burdens and they lived in a misery. Therefore, the novels reflecting land reform is all about criticism of hypocrisy of liberation, peasants'craving for lands, aspiration for agrarian reform in North Korea and unscrupulous levy collected by American and South Korean government. This part focuses on the novels reflecting agrarian reform in North and South Korean literary circles in initial post-liberation period.
The third chapter focuses on the themes. Comparing the tendencies of the creation between "The Land" and "The Descendents of Cain", this part analyses the differences and similarities between the two novels on the themes and characters etc, which grasped the authenticity and objectivity of social reality in the novels in the period of agrarian reform.
After Korea War in1953and the consolidation of38th Parallel, Korean peninsula was divided into north and south, two independent countries, North Korea and South Korea. The writers from the two countries which have different ideologies created their respective master pieces "The Land" and "The Descendents of Cain". On the basis of the characteristics of the times, the writers'experiences, and the creation purpose.They created different kinds of characters, analyze the differences of the novels on agrarian reform and explain the reasons, which expects to provide a new perspective. As the socialist left-wing writer, Lee Ki-young sees the peasants obtained the land after freeing from the long time feudal oppression. He wrote the novel The Land, which reflects the dramatic change and is one of the most successful works on Korean agrarian reform. This novel reflects the achievements of the land reform in the period of change and historical significance of the land reform. In addition, The Land tells about the collapse of the feudal forces in the countryside, emphasizes the leadership of the communist party. The importance of the characters and the complex characters in the novels on agrarian reform is differentiated because of the different functions and roles.
The fourth chapter focuses the comparative analysis on the similarities and differences between the two novels from the perspective of their artistic characteristics. The study is on the comparative analyzing from the setting of relationships among the characters and their contradictions, writhing techniques and artistic expressions.
Through analyzing, the settings of the relationships among the characters are not absolutely consistent, but they adopt the same triangle structure of the relation, that is, landlord-peasant-dreamboat. In terms of the disputes and conflicts, under the background of land reform, the class contradictions and love contradictions appear alternately, it represents a strong sense of realism and epochal character. However, the experiences and purposes of authors are different, so that the images of the characters are different. Lee Ki-young focuses on the expression of the times, and eulogizes the advancement and superiority of the land reform. His words indicate the expression of the aggressive spirit of the peasants for throwing themselves into the construction of a new socialist countryside, and looking forward a happier life; on the contrary, Hwang Soon-Won express his idea based on the implement of the land reform, when there comes the conflict on the benefits, the people's moral bottom line will be exhaustive break down, the greedy desire will beat the harmony. Thereby, from simply indicating the land reform sublimates to the denied the rejection of the social politics and ideology. The work shows that using humanistic care to solve the estrangement among people, and expresses a refine of humanity.
In addition, the separately study of writhing techniques and artistic expressions of the two novels are on the process. The land reform in North Korea is a historical moment which leads the literature differences in Korean peninsula after its division. Novels which created on the basis of the land reform are the socialist literature that lives on the socialism. Lee Ki-young focuses on the writing techniques of socialist realism and Hwang Soon-Won focuses on the writing techniques of criticizing socialist realism, it announces the positive and negative influences to the peasants of the land reform. The two novels adopt the writing technique of realism; they fully reflecting the social presence of Korea on its initial post-liberation period with different expression. One is from the perspective of eulogizing and the other is criticizing; one beautifies the countries under the land reform and the other uglifies. This kind of method is an expression of negation of the real world. Different writhing techniques influence the ending of the works,"The Land" gets a happy ending but "Descendents of Cain" ends in the protagonist leave his home after punish the two landlords and cross the Korean Demilitarized Zone. This is due to the opposite ideologies of the authors.
The fifth chapter concludes the content in the former chapters, it discusses the similarities and differences between the two novels and its reasons as a conclusion of this paper.
引文
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⑤ 安太顺,《中朝土地改革小说中的人物形象比较》,北京对外经济贸易大学硕士论文,2007.崔盛学,《周立波的暴风骤雨和李箕永的土地比较研究》, 中央民族大学硕士论文,2007.