七叶树属植物资源及品质研究
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摘要
七叶树属(Aesculus Linn.)为无患子目七叶树科(Hippocastanaceae)落叶乔木,主要分布在亚洲、欧洲、美洲,约有30余种,我国有10余种。该属植物在产地民间多做理气药使用,其中中华七叶树(Aesculuschinensis Bunge var.chinensis)、浙江七叶树(Aesculus chinensis Bungevar.chekiangensis)和天师栗(Aesculus wilsonii Rehd)的干燥成熟种子是中国药典收载的常用中药材“娑罗子”,具有疏肝、理气、和胃、止痛、杀虫之功效。现代医理研究表明,娑罗子在抗肿瘤、抗脑水肿、治疗高血压脑出血、冠心病、美尼尔氏病、老年支气管哮喘、面神经炎等方面具有确切疗效。目前,已开发出七叶皂苷钠冻干粉针剂、七叶皂苷钠搽剂、复方七叶皂苷钠凝胶、七叶皂苷钠片等剂型,产品规模达到20亿元。目前,娑罗子药材资源以野生为主,而随着人们对娑罗子药用价值的认识加深,对其资源需求也日益增加,导致野生资源遭到极大的破坏,其产量呈下滑趋势,且野生产量不稳定,有大小年之分,不能够满足市场需求,娑罗子的采购价格一再攀升;此外商品药材出现品种混杂、品质不一的问题,给娑罗子药材的安全、合理应用带来极大的风险。
     在系统查阅了国内外七叶树属植物特别是娑罗子基源植物的资源、化学成分、药理作用、临床应用及产业开发等研究文献的基础上,我们发现涉及该属植物的资源及品质的相关研究很少,尚无系统研究七叶树属植物资源分布、资源的合理利用与开发以及对药材品质的有效控制方法等。因此,本论文对七叶树属植物重点是娑罗子基源植物的资源现状、产地适宜性及栽培适宜区域规划、DNA条形码物种鉴定、化学品质比较及指纹特征研究等方面进行了系统的研究,以其为该大品种药物的药材资源可持续发展及品种的有效控制提供科学依据。
     采用文献调查结合实地考察的方法首次对中国境内七叶树资源种类、分布概况、适生生境、资源现状进行考察和分析,初步确定中国境内分布的七叶树分布范围约在纬度21°32′N~39°55′N,经度103°11′E~120°12′E,海拔50m~1776m,适宜温暖气候,及深厚、肥沃、湿润而排水良好的土壤。由于野生七叶树资源由于无节制的砍伐和天气干旱,破坏十分严重,数量极少,规范化种植和系统化研究势在必行。
     综合实地采样、标本查阅和文献研究结果,应用中药材产地适宜性分析平台(TCMGIS-II)对娑罗子三种基原物种的生态适宜区域进行分析,确定七叶树生态相似度95%~100%的区域主要分布于山东、陕西、河北等15个省(市)544个县(市),总适宜面积为407692.4km~2,其中以山东适宜面积和占县(市)比例最大(适宜面积为108209.1km~2,占县(市)比例77.4%,下同),其次为陕西(85064.8km~2,47.2%)、河北(42529.4km~2,44%);天师栗生态相似度95%~100%的区域主要分布于贵州、四川、湖北等12个省(市)450个县(市),总适宜面积为251765km~2,其中贵州适宜面积最大(55980km~2,28.4%);浙江七叶树生态相似度95%~100%的区域主要分布于浙江、湖南、安徽等9个省(市)247个县(市),总适宜面积为67569.5km~2,其中以浙江适宜面积最大(22395.4km~2,23%),为娑罗子资源的可持续利用、引种栽培及科学区划提供了科学依据。
     通过考察七叶树属10个物种42份样品的ITS, ITS2, psbA-trnH, rbcL,matK序列的PCR扩增和测序效率、种内及种间变异、鉴定效率后,对初筛后的序列进行barcoding gap检验及NJ树聚类分析,psbA-trnH序列作为鉴定七叶树属药用植物的条形码序列,其PCR扩增和测序效率均为100%,种间最小变异大于其种内最大变异,且鉴定效率为候选序列中最高,其barcoding gap检验结果表明该序列在种间、种内变异重合比例较小,且NJ树聚类分析结果也表明psbA-trnH序列能够提供充分的辨析效果,为七叶树属药用植物快速准确鉴别提供一种新的方法。
     应用HPLC法建立不同品种的娑罗子药材中七叶皂苷A、七叶皂苷B两个指标成分的含量测定方法,通过紫外-可见分光光度法测定七叶皂苷的含量,并考察样品中的水分,总灰分等含量,比较七叶树属主要资源种类娑罗子药材化学品质,不同品种娑罗子药材中七叶皂苷A、七叶皂苷B的种类和含量各不相同,结合总七叶皂苷含量及水分、总灰分等常规理化实验项目测定结果,不同品种的娑罗子药材化学品质差异较大,为不同品种的娑罗子药材综合质量评价体系的建立提供理论和实验依据。
     同时,通过对不同产地的七叶树属植物药材进行化学成分分析,建立评价娑罗子药材质量的液相色谱指纹图谱分析方法。采用AgilentZORBAX SB-C18色谱柱,以乙腈-0.2%磷酸溶液为流动相梯度洗脱,流速为1.0mL·min-1,检测波长为220nm,对湖北、陕西、浙江、云南采集的36批七叶树植物药材进行指纹图谱分析,建立了36批不同产地七叶树属植物药材的化学成分指纹图谱,并为其质量评价提供可靠依据。
     为进一步利用药材资源,本文还以娑罗子油收率为评价指标,采用正交设计试验法,研究从娑罗子中提取娑罗子油的超临界CO_2最优萃取工艺并采用GC-MS对娑罗子油成分进行成分分析。采取萃取釜压力28Mpa和釜温度38℃、分离Ⅰ釜压力12Mpa和温度40℃、分离Ⅱ釜压力5Mpa和温度40℃以及萃取时间110min时工艺条件最佳,娑罗子油平均收率为1.264%。对娑罗子油进行了GC-MS分析,共鉴定了26种化合物,主要是脂肪酸成分。与石油醚法相比,超临界CO_2萃取具有收率高、萃取时间短、脂肪油比较澄明等优点。对于两种提取方法,油中的含量较高的脂肪酸成分基本一致,含量较低的脂肪酸成分有差别。
     通过对七叶树属植物资源及品质的系统研究,为七叶树属药用植物资源的科学开发、合理利用和可持续发展提供了技术支撑和科学依据。
Aesculus (Aesculus Linn.) for Sapindales hippocastanaceae(Hippocastanaceae) deciduous trees, mainly distributed in Asia,Europe, America, with about30species,10species of china. Theplants in the origin of folk do Qi medicine, Chinese chestnut(Aesculus chinensis Bunge var.chinensis), Zhejiang Buckeye(Aesculus chinensis Bunge var.chekiangensis) and Aesculuswilsonii (Aesculus wilsonii Rehd) is the dried ripe seed is usedin traditional Chinese medicine " Chinese Medicine Dictionarycontains the Buckeye ", soothing the liver, regulating qi, andfunctions stomach pain, pesticides. Modern medical research showsthat, Sara Ko has a definite effect on anti-tumor, anti cerebraledema, the treatment of hypertensive cerebral hemorrhage, coronaryheart disease, Meniere's disease, bronchial asthma in the elderly,facial neuritis. At present, has developed freeze-dried powderinjection, liniment, compound gel, tablet formulations, productionscale reached2,000,000,000yuan. At present, Aesculus chinensismedicinal resources in wild, with people's understanding ofAesculus chinensis medicinal value deepened, on the increasingtheir demand for resources, resulting in wild resources have been seriously damaged, the yield of a declining trend, and wild yieldinstability, a small points, can not meet the demand of the market,the purchase price Sara Ko rose again and again; in addition thecommercial medicinal materials appear mixed varieties, quality isnot a problem, the reasonable application to Aesculi drug safety,bring huge risk.
     Based on the system of access to domestic and foreign Buckeyeespecially Buckeye literature resources, chemical constituents,pharmacological action, clinical application and industrialdevelopment on the subbase source plants, we found that involveslittle related research resources and quality of this genus, thereis no systematic study on the Buckeye resources distribution, anddevelopment the rational use of resources and the quality ofmedicine effective control method. Therefore, this paper focuseson Buckeye Buckeye origin resource situation, subbase source plantssuitable for the system of regional planning, DNA bar codeidentification of species, chemical quality comparison andfingerprint features of other suitability and planting, providescientific basis for effective control of the sustainabledevelopment of the medicinal resources and varieties products ofdrug.
     By means of literature investigation and on-the-spotinvestigation method for the first time in China, Aesculus species,distribution of suitable habitat, resource investigation andanalysis, preliminary to determine the scope of distribution withinthe Buckeye distribution in China about latitude21°32′N~39°55′N,103°11′E by degrees to120degrees12'E, altitude50m~1776m, warm climate, and deep, fertile, moist but well drained soil. Because wild horse chestnut resources due to uncontrolleddeforestation and the dry weather, damage is very serious, very few,be imperative of planting and system specification.
     Integrated field sampling, sample inspection and literatureresearch results, analysis platform of herbal origin suitableapplication (TCMGIS-II) to analyze the ecological region of theoriginal species Aesculi three radicals, determine the Buckeyeecological similarity of95%~100%of the area is mainlydistributed in15in Shandong Province, Shanxi, Hebei544counties(city)(City), total suitable area is407692.4km~2, which issuitable to Shandong area and county (city) accounted for thelargest proportion (suitable area is108209.1km~2, accounting forthe county (city) ratio of77.4%, the same below), followed byShaanxi (85064.8km~2,47.2%), Hebei (42529.4km~2,44%); Aesculuswilsonii ecological similarity95%~100%areas are mainlydistributed in12provinces of Guizhou, Sichuan, Hubei (city)450counties (city), total suitable area is251765km~2, which issuitable for the largest area of Guizhou (55980km~2,28.4%);Zhejiang Buckeye ecological similarity between95%~100%of thearea is mainly distributed in9provinces Zhejiang, Hunan, Anhui(city),247counties (city), total suitable area is67569.5km~2,which is suitable to Zhejiang the largest area (22395.4km~2,23%),the sustainable use of resources, for the cultivation of Aesculuschinensis To provide a scientific basis and scientific division.
     Through the investigation of10species in the genus Aesculus42samples ITS, ITS2, psbA-trnH, rbcL, matK sequence of PCRamplification and sequencing efficiency, intraspecific andinterspecific variation, the identification efficiency, was analyzed by barcoding gap test and NJ tree to cluster the sequenceafter screening, psbA-trnH sequence bar code sequence for theidentification of Aesculus medicinal plants, and sequencing of thePCR amplification efficiency was100%, a minimum variance isgreater than the intraspecific variation, and the identificationof candidate sequences for maximum efficiency, the barcoding gaptest results show that the sequence among species, intraspecificvariation weight ratio is smaller, and the NJ tree cluster analysisresults also show that the psbA-trnH sequence effect analysis canprovide sufficient, provides a new method for rapid and accurateidentification of medicinal plants of genus Aesculus chinensis.
     Method for determination of ginsenoside A seven saponins fromleaves, seven leaves of B application of HPLC method to establishthe different varieties in Fructus Aesculi two index component,content by UV-visible spectrophotometric method for thedetermination of seven leaves saponins, and the effects of moisturein the sample, the total ash content, comparison of Aesculus maintypes of resources Aesculi medicinal chemical quality, kinds andcontents of different varieties in Fructus Aesculi seven leaves,seven leaves saponins saponin A B each are not identical, with atotal of seven leaf saponin content and moisture, total ash andother conventional physicochemical experiment results, Aesculuschinensis medicinal chemical differences in quality of differentvarieties of larger, providing theory and the experimental basisfor the different varieties of Aesculi medicinal comprehensivequality evaluation system.
     At the same time, according to the different origin of Aesculusmedicinal plants for chemical composition analysis, fingerprint analysis method to establish the quality evaluation of medicinalmaterials by Luo Zi living liquid chromatography. The AgilentZORBAX SB-C18column, acetonitrile-0.2%phosphoric acid solutionas mobile phase in gradient elution, flow rate was1mL·min-1, thedetection wavelength was220nm, the fingerprint analysis of Hubei,Shanxi, Zhejiang, Yunnan, the36batch of Aesculus chinensismedicinal plant collection, to establish the fingerprint of thechemical composition of36different areas of Aesculus chinensisgenus of herbs, and provide reliable basis for quality evaluation.
     For further utilization of medicinal resources, this paper alsoto Buckeye Seed oil yield as index, orthogonal test method,extraction of Suo Luo from semen Aesculi in supercritical CO_2optimal extraction oil and the use of GC-MS component analysis oncomponents of semen Aesculi oil. Take the extraction pressure28Mpaand temperature38℃, the separation conditions of reactorpressure12Mpa, temperature40℃, separation of reactor pressure5Mpa and temperature40℃and the optimum extraction time110min,Buckeye Seed oil yield is1.264%. On the Buckeye Seed oil wasanalyzed by GC-MS,26compounds were identified, mainly fatty acidcomposition. Compared with petroleum ether extraction,supercritical CO_2extraction has high yield, short extraction time,fatty oil clarification etc. For the two kinds of extraction methods,fatty acid composition of higher oil content in the basic agreement,the fatty acid composition of low content difference.
     The plant resources and quality system study on the genus ofAesculus chinensis, and provides technical support and scientificbasis for the resources of the medicinal plants of Aesculusscientific development, rational utilization and sustainable development.
引文
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