黄土丘陵沟壑区坡面稳定林分结构设计研究
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摘要
本文利用GPS和GIS技术并辅以外业,调查分析了流域植被景观格局。选择坡面典型植被为研究对象,针对影响坡面稳定的土壤水分状况、林分生产力和林分防治土壤侵蚀功能等指标,分别探讨了坡面各林分的稳定性。其中,在对林地土壤水分动态变化长期监测的基础上,测定土壤水分特征曲线来分析林地土壤水分利用的有效性,并通过盆栽试验探讨了主要造林树种林地的土壤水分供耗特点;通过林分生物产量调查分析和林地产流产沙的长期野外观测,分别探讨了不同水分条件下林分生产力和坡面林分的水土保持效益,并运用灰色关联分析法分析了各因子对坡面产流产沙影响的显著程度。在此基础上,提出了黄土丘陵沟壑区坡面稳定林分结构的设计,为黄土区退耕还林和生态重建提供理论依据和实践指导。
     研究结果表明,天然次生林地土壤水分状况最好,人工林中刺槐和侧柏混交林最接近于天然次生林,侧柏和油松针叶林好于刺槐林,刺槐林中密度为2000株/hm~2的好于其他密度的林分,乔、乔混交林好于乔、草混交林;刺槐和侧柏林在4~6月、杏树和梨树林在4~6月和8月土壤水分供耗失衡。通过林分生物产量分析,天然次生林最高,油松和沙棘混交林与刺槐和侧柏混交林次之。根据影响坡面林分产流产沙的林分因子和地形因子灰色关联度分析,林分草本生物量、枯落物生物量和灌草层盖度影响显著,而坡位影响较小;而林分中,天然次生林和虎榛子灌木林水土保持效益最高,刺槐林、侧柏和刺槐混交林、刺槐和油松混交林、油松林等次之,高质量大工程整地的果农复合水保效益也较高,其中油松和沙棘混交林、刺槐和油松混交林、虎榛子灌木林年均土壤流失量分别约为4.29、12.91、5.89t/hm~2,远小于土壤允许流失量(200t/hm~2·a)。
     依据研究结果,分别提出黄土丘陵沟壑区梁峁坡和沟坡不同部位林分结构设计。
Landscape pattern of vegetation in watershed is analysized by making use of the technology of GPS and GIS and integrated ourside investigation. In order to study stand stabilities, the representative sloping vegetation is selected as studying object from the indexes of condition of soil moisture affecting stands stable, the productivity of stands and the function of preventing soil erosion. The paper analyzes the soil water validity by observing the soil moisture feature curve, on the basis of long-term supervising on soil water movement, and studies water consuming features of stands for the main tree species by pot experiment. At the same time the paper studies the productivity of different stands and the soil and water conservation benefit of sloping stands respectively through investigation and analysis of stand biomass and long-term data of runoff and sediment production. And the extent of influence on runoff and sediment yielding from sloping stands is judged using the method of grey correlation analys
    is. According to the conclusion above, sloping stable stand structures are designed, which will offer theoretic evidence and practical guidance for changing cultivation into tree planting and ecology re-construction in Loess Plateau.
    The result shows that, firstly, the condition of soil moisture of the natural sub-forest is the best, that of mixed forest of Robinia pseudoscacial and Platycladus orientalis in all manual stands is best of all close to the natural sub-forest, and mixed forest of Robinia pseudoscacial and Pinus tablaeformis superior to Robinia pseudoscacial forests, in Robinia pseudoscacial forests the density of 2000 trees/hm2 superior to the other densities, and mixed forests of different arbor species being better than that of arbor and herb. Providing and consuming soil water loses balance for Robinia pseudoscacial and Platycladus orientalis from Apr to Jun, and for Prunus armeniaca and Malus mila from Apr to Jun and Aug. Secondly, the biomass for natural sub-forest in all stands is the maximal, being followed by that of mixed forest of Pinus tablaeformis and Hippophae rhamnoides and mixed forest of Robinia pseudoscacial and Platycladus orientalis. Thirdly, the factors of stand and topographty affecting sloping runoff an
    d sediment are analysed grey-relatedly, from which it is found out that influence from herb biomass, litter biomass
    
    
    
    
    and coverage of shrub and herb is the most remarkable, but sloping direction takes least. In all sloping stands the natural sub-forest and Ostryopsis davidina forest have the best benefit of soil and water conservation, then being followed by Robinia pseudoscacial forest, mixed forest of Robinia pseudoscacial and Platycladus orientalis, mixed forest of Robinia pseudoscacial and Pinus tablaeformis and Pinus tablaeformis forest. At the same time benefit is better for mixed planting of apple trees and crops after high-quality and big-engineering soil preparation. From the result of study it is concluded that annual average soil loss of missed forest of Pinus tablaeformis and Hippophae rhamnoides, mixed forest of Robinia pseudoscacial and Pinus tablaeformis and Ostryopsis davidina forest are about 4.29, 12.91 and 5.89 t/ hm2respectively, which are far less than permitted soil loss (200t/hm2 a).
    On the basis of the results of study, sloping stable stand structures are designed according to different sloping parts of weirs and moulds and gullies.
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