摘要
建筑是人类居住、人口高度密集的场所,也是人类财富聚集的地方,特别是随着我国经济高速发展,建筑已成为人、财、物的高密区,一旦发生火灾往往会造成人员伤亡和财物严重损失的灾难性后果,而且建筑火灾是最常见的火灾之一,随着人们生活水平的提高和安全意识的增强,人们对居住的建筑防火安全性提出了新的要求。建筑火灾风险评估可以客观、准确地评价火灾的危险程度,为人们预防火灾、控制火灾以及扑灭火灾提供依据和支持,也是消防设施和消防力量分布、城市规划、科学消防决策的依据,为合理配置消防资源和防火措施,提出科学、经济可行的策略,有效地减少火灾的发生并提高防火安全性。
论文提出从建筑的某一房间、某一楼层、某一单体建筑不同角度评估建筑的防火安全性,于是引进国外三种建筑火灾风险评估方法：古斯塔夫危险度法、火灾风险评估工程法和火灾风险指数法,调整或改进了部分评估内容,使这三种评估方法能在国内建筑火灾风险评估中应用。
为了对昆明市城中村的火灾安全性进行评估,找出影响城中村建筑火灾危险性的主要因素,提出合理、可行的城中村防火方案,首先对城中村进行火灾安全调查,获取火灾风险评估需要的相关资料和基础数据,然后应用古斯塔夫危险度法对城中村不同使用功能的房间进行火灾风险分析并提出防火方案,最后从楼层和单体建筑的角度评估城中村出租房的防火安全性,应用火灾风险评估工程法和火灾风险指数法对城中村出租房、高校学生宿舍、居民小区等居住建筑分别进行评估,通过比较和分析这些居住建筑的防火安全性,找出城中村出租房的防火安全性不如高校学生宿舍、居民小区的主要因素也提出了合理的防火方案,并对三种评估方法的原理和防火方案进行比较,证明这三种建筑火灾风险评估方法在国内火灾风险评估应用的适用性和正确性。
Building is not only the highly populated places, but also the wealth highly gathering places, especially in recent years, as China's in rapid economic development, building has become more and more higher-density human, financial, and material places. In case of a fire,it often leads to serious disaster of property and life losses, and building fire is one of the most common fire, with people living standards pregressing and the safety awareness of the people enhanceing, people require new fire safe conditions for living in the building. Building fire risk assessment can be objective and accurate understanding of the extent of the risk of fire for people to prevent fires, fire control, as well as to provide a basis to fire fighting and support, but also fire and the fire power of distribution facilities, urban planning, science and fire based on the decision-making for a reasonable allocation fire prevention measures, put forward the scientific, economic and feasible strategies to effectively reduce the occurrence of fires and to improve fire safety.
Papers brings forward building' a room, a floor, a single to assess fire safety, an introduction of foreign existing fire risk assessment methods:Gustav Purt fire assessment, Fire Risk Assessment Method for Engineering, Fire Risk Index Method, partially adaption is made to the three assessment methods in order to make it suitable for domestic building fire risk assessment.
In order to assess the fire safety of Village in Kunming city, to find the main factors that affect fire safety of city-village buildings, to put forward reasonable and feasible program, firstly, the fire safety survey of city-village was carried out, and got the relevant information and basic data on the fire risk assessment. Then, to assess the fire risk of rooms with different function by the Gustav Purt fire assessment method, and put forward the fire prevention programs. At last, to assess the fire safety of rental houses in city-village from the views of floors and single buildings, and then to assess the buildings of college dormitories and residential area by F.R.A.M.E and the Fire Risk Index Method. By compared the fire safety of different buildings, we know that the fire safety in city-village is lower then that in college dormitories and residential area, put forward the fire prevention programs, and then compared the three kinds of principles of assessment methods and the three fire prevention programs, to prove the applicability and correct of the three fire risk assessment methods used in the domestic fire risk assessment.
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