摘要
随着我国城市现代化的快速发展,不同类型的部门、企业和设施不断增多,民用与工业方面对电、燃料的需求量也比传统要大,加之有机材料如聚苯泡沫、塑料制品等大量使用,而且大量涌现出了高层建筑、地下建筑和联合生产厂房等高风险的建筑,这些变化都增加城市的火灾风险,而这些高风险企业和设施都属于重大危险源范畴。重大危险源是发生重特大火灾的根本载体。重特大灾害造成的群死群伤和人民财产损失更是严重的影响了我国的经济建设,能否在灾害发生之前,掌握并有效防控重大危险源,有目标、有针对性的建立起社会防火防灾体系,合理利用现有资源,优化配置消防救援力量,并将火灾风险消灭在萌芽状态,将灾害损失降到最低,成为人们关注和讨论的热点问题。
本文的研究目的在于说明消防资源应该依据重大危险源的特点、规模等特点,进行优化分配,而不应该是传统的“画地盘”平均分配造成资源浪费,造成有的地方用不上,有的地方不够用的现象。各级消防部队可以依据重大危险源的分布及火灾风险的不同,如高层建筑、地下工程、石油化工企业、人员密集场所等的分布,合理地确定消防站数量、布局、规模、辖区等,并为消防站合理的配备急需的车辆装备,科学调配各种人力、物质资源,实现人、装备及作战对象的最佳结合,发挥消防装备的最大效能.实现消防资源分配的现代化、合理化、实用化。
本文通过分析权威的火灾统计报告,掌握各地区、各类场所火灾发生的规律,分析各种火灾发生的概率、各类火灾造成的损失以及类火灾对灭火救援力量的需求。结合重大危险源评估理论,分析影响城市消防站布局的重点因素。通过对重大危险源进行火灾救援分析,参考消防力量到场时间与火灾损失的关系、影响消防力量到达火灾现场等因素,制定消防站优化布局方案。力求加强消防力量建设的针对性,把力量配置在火灾事故风险较大的部位,把从整体降低城市火灾风险作为指导消防站布局的指导原则。最后以辽宁省沈阳市大东区为例根据实际模拟布局与现有消防力量布局在处置城市火灾的效率对比,验证此优化方案的正确性。
With the rapid development of urban modernization, the number of different types of departments, enterprises and facilities have increased; the demand for electricity and fuel in civilian and industrial use have multiplied; organic materials are widely used, such as polystyrene foam and plastic products; and the high-risk constructions like high-rise buildings, underground construction and joint production plant building have increased in numbers. These changes have increased the city's fire risk. These high-risk businesses and facilities are major hazards.The complexity of the reality increased the difficulty of city's fire fighting. The major hazards are the fundamental carrier of major fires. The massive casualties and serious impact on people's property caused by major disasters damage China's economic construction badly. The following issues become hot topics people discuss and concern: whether the major hazards could be grasped and effectively prevented and controlled before the disaster; whether the targeted community fire prevention system could be established; whether disaster losses could be minimized by rational use of existing resources and optimal allocation of fire fighting and rescue force.
Hazard is the root of all kinds of accidents, it is the potential insecurity which is likely to lead to accidents resulting in casualties and property losses and other damage. Purpose of this paper is to describe that, the optimization allocation of fire service resources should be based on the characteristics and scale of major hazards, rather than the traditional equal division, which resulting in waste of resources. Fire forces at all levels should reasonably determine the number, layout, scale, and area of fire stations on the basis of the distribution of major hazards and different fire risks, such as the distribution of high-rise buildings, underground engineering, petrochemical companies, and crowded places, etc.; prepare much-needed vehicles and equipment for the fire stations; scientifically allocate a variety of human and material resources; implement the best combination of people, equipment and the operational objects, in order to play the maximum performance of fire-fighting equipment, and to achieve the modernization, rationalization, and practicality of the allocation of fire fighting resource.
By analyzing the authoritative statistical report of fire accident, the regularity of fire accident in different regions and various types of places is acquired; the probability of fire, the losses caused by fire and the demand for fire fighting and rescue forces on various types of fire accidents are analyzed. With major hazards assessment theory, the key factors that affect the layout of urban fire stations are investigated. Fire rescue simulation are carried out on major hazards; the relationship between the time of the fire brigade to reach the scene of fired and the fire damage are analyzed, as well as the factors that affect the fire brigade to reach the scene; the optimized layout program is established. It is proposed that, the pertinence of the construction of fire forces should be strengthened; the fire forces must be configured in the high-risk areas of fire; the principle of reducing the overall fire risk should be taken as the guideline in the layout of urban fire stations. The Dadong District of Shenyang in Liaoning Province is taken for an example; the correctness of this optimization program is proved by the contrast of the efficiency of simulated layout and the existing fire power layout in the disposal of urban fires.
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