摘要
地面形变是在自然因素和人为因素作用下形成的地表垂直向变形现象。在我国有许多城市和地区都发生了不同程度的地面形变现象。随着国民经济的进步,城市建设的进度飞速进展,地面形变的危害也日趋显著,它具有分布广、变化过程不易觉察等特点。在我国北方大多数城市以及沿海大多数城市和地区都有不同程度的地面形变问题,其直接影响着社会经济、区域环境的可持续发展,威胁着当地人民的生命财产安全。因此,及时准确地监测地面形变及其发展过程具有重要的意义。
本文基于雷达遥感和光学遥感技术,以河北省唐山市为研究区,研究了利用多传感器、多时相遥感数据对采煤塌陷区沉降信息提取的方法技术。在此过程中,充分利用研究区已有的资料和信息以及该领域的先验知识等参照信息,结合光学遥感与雷达遥感各自特性和优势,提取研究区较长时期内的地面形变信息,包括变化区域、变化速度、变化量等,并分析了地面形变灾害发生的原因及其对城市扩展的影响。初步形成了一套适合矿业城市地面形变遥感信息提取的有效方法组合和工作流程,达到了通过遥感技术对矿业城市的地面形变引起的灾害和城市扩展进行宏观、快速、准确监测的目的,从而为相关职能部门提供决策依据。
本文取得的主要创新点和研究成果如下:
1、将雷达遥感与光学遥感技术相结合来研究城市地面变形,有效地提高了城市地面形变的研究效果。利用雷达遥感技术提取高精度的地面沉降垂直信息,光学遥感技术结合积水现象间接提取沉降区域的空间展布,两者各取所长、相互补充、相互验证。此方法为研究矿业城市地面形变、矿区地面沉降预测和趋势分析,提供了一种科学、合理、有效的方法,并具有可行性和可操作性。
2、利用ASTER的多波段数据,详细分析了塌陷区域地物的光谱特征。针对煤炭和污水水体的异物同谱现象,提出了一种基于ASTER数据的归一化差异水体指数的算法,即NDWIASTER1、4=(ASTER1-w×ASTER4)/(ASTER1 + w×ASTER4)。该方法是在前人研究基础上完善和发展得到的,经过应用与验证,效果良好。此方法不仅解决了研究区域的地物分类问题,也为遥感技术应用到城市地面变化监测方面提供有力参考。
3、首次将研究数据和信息经过格式转换、投影变换整合到数字地球平台之上,利用数字地球平台的三维显示、图层交互操作等功能优势,将矿区分布、积水分布和沉降区域分布相结合进行分析和验证,提高了分析效率和准确性。
4、系统阐述了地面形变的三种类型、采煤引起的灾害程度最大的塌陷的原因、塌陷的三种模式、影响塌陷的原因。在此基础上分析了塌陷是如何引起积水,然后得出利用积水来监测采煤塌陷的可行性结论。
5、文章围绕遥感技术在采煤塌陷区地面沉降监测应用展开研究,详细分析和论述了雷达遥感、光学遥感相关核心技术和整个应用技术体系,并针对城市分布和采煤塌陷集中区的遥感信息提取技术做了深入讨论,对所提取信息的准确度和精确度做了系统分析和评价。
6、基于论文所研究技术,利用TM、ETM、ASTER多源、多时相遥感数据,结合开滦煤矿的矿区分布,有效提取了研究区的6个时相的积水信息。同时,采用GIS技术进行了数据叠置和统计分析,得到了开滦煤矿10个矿区的积水变化图,包括10个矿区的积水动态变化面积、区域、速度等。依据积水的变化信息,分析了开滦煤矿塌陷10个矿区的塌陷状况。
7、围绕城市扩展信息提取,论文采用多源、多时相的光学遥感数据,利用波段组合、图像增强、数据融合、地物分类等方法技术,提取了唐山市不同时期的轮廓图。在对唐山市的扩展面积、速率和方向进行全面分析的基础上,分析了采煤塌陷对唐山市城市扩展影响。发现唐山市东北的荆各庄也会在不久的将来阻挡唐山市往东北方向的发展,得出唐山市以后应该往西和西北两个方向发展的合理性结论。
8、基于雷达遥感干涉测量技术,充分利用和参考以上研究成果和区域相关信息,提取了研究区5个时间段历时10年来的沉降量变化信息。在有效验证和结果数据分析的基础上,讨论了沉降变化的影响因素。自1999年唐山市被列入国家级采煤塌陷区综合治理示范区以来,在唐山市区全面禁止地下煤炭开采。雷达监测结果数据表明沉降速度变缓、面积变小,这和相关部门得出的唐山市地面沉降得到了有效控制的结论一致。
The ground deformation is the surface vertical deformation phenomenon caused by natural factors and human factors.In our country,the surface deformation phenomenon of different degree have taken place in many cities and regions.With the rapid development of urban construction,the ground deformation hazards are becoming increasingly important,and it has the characteristics of wide distribution and changing process difficult to detect.Most of the northern cities ,many coastal cities and regions are all facing the problem of ground deformation,which directly influences the regional environment and the sustainable development of social economy,and threatens people’s safety of life and property . Consequently,it is important to monitor accurately land subsidence and its development.
Based on radar remote sensing and optical remote sensing technology,this dissertation takes Tangshan City in Hebei Province as the study area, and using the multi-sensor and multi-temporal remote sensing data ,studies the methods and techniques of the subsidence information extraction in coal mining collapse area.In this process,making full use of the existing data ,information and priori knowledge in this field ,etc.of the study area,and combining the respective characteristics and advantages of radar remote sensing and optical remote sensing,the longer-period ground deformation data of the study area is extracted ,including change area,change speed and change quantity,etc.as well as analyzes the occurrence cause of ground deformation hazards and its influences on urban expansion.It has preliminarily formed a set of effective method combination and work flow suitable to ground deformation remote sensing information extraction of the mining cities,and achieves the goal of the macroscopic,fast and accurate monitoring of the urban expansion and hazards caused by ground deformation in mining cities by remote sensing tenology,then provides decision basis for the relevant functional departments.
The maincreative contributions and research results of this dissertation are listed as follows:
1.Combining radar remote sensing with optical remote sensing, high precision land subsidence vertical information is extracted by radar remote sensing technology,and the spatial distribution of subsidence regions is extracted indirectly by combining optical remote sensing technology with hydrops phenomenon,each taking its director, and achieving the mutual complementation as well as the mutual verification.This method provides a scientific,reasonable and effective way for studying ground deformation of mining cities,land subsidence prediction and trend analysis of the mining regions, also having feasibility and maneuverability.
2.Based on ASTER multi-band remote sensing data, analyzing in detail spectral characteristics of ground objects located in subsidence regions,and aiming at the fact that different objects have the same spectrum,the method of normalized difference water index based on ASTER data is presented,namely NDWIASTER1、4=(ASTER1 - w×ASTER4)/(ASTER1 + w×ASTER4). The method is obtained from the improvement and development of the previous research, The application and verification of this method shows good effect.This method not only solves the problems of terrain classification in study area,but also provides the powerful reference for applying the remote sensing technology into the ground surface deformation monitoring in urban areas.
3.First time integrating the research data and information into the Digital Earth Platform(DEP) by format conversion and projection transformation,and taking functional advantage of DEP,such as the three-dimensional display, interactive operation on layer,etc.the combination of the mining area distribution, hydrops distribution and subsidence area distribution is analyzed and verified,then improving the analysis efficiency and accuracy.
4.It is systematically expounded that the three types of ground deformation,the reasons of subsidence caused by the coal mining which has the maximum hazard degree,three models of subsidence,and influencing factors of subsidence.On the basis,analyzing how subsidence causes hydrops,then the feasible conclusion of monitoring coal-mining subsidence by hydrops is drawed
5.The dissertation carries out research on the application of remote sensing technology in monitoring ground subsidence of coal-mining collapse area,analyzing and discussing in detail the core technology related to radar remote sensing and optical remote sensing, and the whole application technique system.It maks deep discussion on remote sensing information extraction technology of cities distribution and coal mining subsidence concentration area,and maks systematic analysis and evaluation for the accuracy and precision of the information extracted.
6.Based on the technology studied of this dissertation,six phases hydrops information in study area is extracted by TM、ETM、ASTER multi-source and multi-temporal remote sensing data,combining with the mining area distribution of Kailuan Coal Mine.Meanwhile,data overlay and statistical analysis are made by GIS technology,producing the hydrops change maps of ten mining areas of Kailuan Coal Mine,which included the area,region and speed of hydrops dynamic change of the ten mining areas.In terms of hydrops change information,the subsidence status of ten collapse mining areas of Kailuan Coal Mine is analyzed.
7.Around the urban expansion information extraction, the dissertation adopts the multi-source and multi-temporal optical remote sensing data. Making use of methods and technologies named band combination,image enhancement,data fusion and terrain classification,etc.the outline drawing during different periods in Tangshan is extracted.On the basis of the comprehensive analysis on the expansion area,rate and direction of Tangshan City,it analyzes the influence which is caused by coal-mining subsidence on Tangshan city expansion.Founding that Jing Ge Zhuang located in the north-east of Tangshan City will hinder the development along the north-east direction of Tangshan City in the near future, the reasonable conclusion which shows Tangshan ought to develop towards the west and north-west direction is drawed.
8.Based on the radar remote sensing interferometry technology,making full use of the above research results and information related to the region,the subsidence quantity change information of the five time segments during the decade is extracted.On foundation of the effective validation and result data analysis,it discusses influencing factors of subsidence change.Since Tangshan City was listed in the comprehensive treatment demonstration zone of the national coal-mining subsidence region in 1999,underground coal mining is totally banned in Tangshan urban area.The radar satellite monitoring results shows the velocity of subsidence is becoming slower,and the area of subsidence is becomig smaller,which is consistent with the conclusion drawed by the related departments that is the ground subsidence of Tangshan City has been controlled effectively.
引文
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