摘要
产品快速创新设计及其自动化是未来企业在快速多变的市场中取得生存的关键。为此，本课题组提出了基于三维设计平台的产品快速创新设计理论体系，并已基本完成了机械系统符号方案的自动生成、符号方案的自动识别、各种基本机构库的建立等工作。基于前期工作，本文对快速创新设计理论体系的后续模块，即与符号方案对应的含约束复杂机械系统自动化空间布局设计和自动化虚拟装配设计进行了深入研究。此外对创新设计理论体系中的美学设计进行了研究，提出了一种产品外形美学设计方法。主要内容如下：
(1)本文给出了一种适合复杂机械系统的空间布局表达方法，该方法包括基本机构的连接关系表达和基本机构的空间位置表达。首先分析了基本机构的各种组合方式，提出了适合于机械系统空间布局的3种基本机构连接关系，并给出了对应的三种布局模型。根据基本机构输入输出轴的特点，建立了一种适合各种基本机构的长方体布局模型，实现基本机构空间位置描述。在此基础上，研究了各种类型基本机构布局空间的确定方法，并编制程序实现了布局参数的自动生成。
(2)基于前期符号识别结果，研究了含约束的复杂机械系统自动化空间布局优化算法。根据含约束复杂机械系统的特点，建立了适合于空间布局优化的数学符号模型。采用自适应遗传算法，将机械系统中各基本机构的布局干涉情况、连接关系以及输入输出轴方向和夹角约束等作为构造适应度函数的重要组成部分，利用十进制编码中的整数编码方法对各基本机构编码生成初始种群，通过选择、交叉、变异等操作，实现了复杂机械系统的空间布局优化。
(3)采用面向对象技术及SolidWorks二次开发技术，基于“后台预置”装配方法，实现了对应上述符号方案布局优化结果的复杂机械系统自动化虚拟装配。通过读取布局优化模块存储的各基本机构相对布局系统全局坐标系的坐标变换矩阵，并依据基本机构布局模型的第一构件坐标系与基本机构三维实体模型坐标系的差异，对其坐标变换矩阵进行适当修正后，采用“后台预置”装配技术将组成复杂机械系统的各基本机构“预置”到特定的布局空间，从而实现三维虚拟样机的自动化生成。
(4)提出了一种基于美学特征的参数化产品外形设计方法。该方法运用形态控制参数表达产品的形态要素，通过改变形态控制参数，实现形态要素的放大、缩小、变形及组合，从而可获得不同外观创意设计效果的产品外形。文中以工业缝纫机外形设计为例，基于UG平台及其二次开发技术UG／OPEN API，实现了工业缝纫机的外形美学设计，证明了该方法的可行性。
(5)提出了一种含外形容器约束的复杂机械系统自动化空间布局方法。该方法将布局容器区分为凸面体和凹面体两种类型。针对布局容器的凹凸性，给出了两种不同的干涉检验方法。文中采用自适应遗传算法实现复杂机械系统的空间布局优化，初始种群可随机产生也可通过人机交互方式产生，人机交互方式用来控制机构组合中起始机构在全局坐标系中的摆放位置及姿态，从而可尽快生成初始种群。基于布局优化结果，采用“后台预置”装配技术，实现对应机械系统在布局容器内的自动虚拟装配。
本文的主要特色及创新点如下：
(1)将布局设计引入到基于三维设计平台的产品快速创新设计理论体系当中，并基于前期工作，实现了含约束复杂机械系统的自动化空间布局，从而使得由基本机构组成的复杂机械系统既可满足产品的工业美学设计要求，又可满足产品的寿命和可靠性要求。
(2)完成了基于三维设计平台快速创新设计理论体系中虚拟样机的自动生成模块。从而使得在三维虚拟样机的层面上，从众多的创成设计方案中快速遴选出最具有创新性的设计方案成为可能。
(3)提出了基于美学特征的产品参数化外型设计方法。该方法将美学形态要素与模型的关键特征参数建立关联，通过修改模型关键特征参数，可生成不同的具有创新性的产品外形。
The product's fast and automatic creative design lays the basis for the enterprise to complete with others in the worldwide market. So our research group presented a fast creative design theory system which is based on 3D design platform. Among this design theory system the modules such as automatic generation of symbol schemes, automatic identification of symbol scheme and library of various basic mechanisms have been finished in the early stage. Based on the above works, this dissertation mainly studied on the other modules of the design theory system such as automatic spatial layout of complex mechanical systems with constraints, automatic virtual assembly, and product's aesthetic design. The main works are given as follows:
(1) The layout expression method including connecting relation and space position of basic mechanisms is given for complex mechanical system. Firstly, the connecting relation of basic mechanisms composing mechanical system is analyzed, and the layout models for three types connecting relations are built. In order to facilitate the space expression of basic mechanism, block-based layout model is built according to different cases of basic mechanism's input and output shaft. Secondly, based on the block-based layout model, the layout space determination method for different basic mechanism such as gear mechanism, cam basic mechanism, link mechanism and groove mechanism are given, and the automatic generation of layout parameters is realized by programming.
(2) The automatic spatial layout optimization algorithm for complex mechanical system matching with the identification result of symbol scheme is presented. The math model for layout optimization is built firstly. Then using self-adaptive genetic algorithm, considering the interference status, connecting relation, direction constraint and angle constraint, the fitness function is constructed. By coding each mechanism with four integer number in given scope, the complex mechanism system is denoted with genetic code. By generating the legal population, selection, crossover and mutation with given generations, the layout optimization result of complex mechanism system is obtained at last.
(3) Using object oriented method and secondary development environment of 3D platform, the automatic virtual assembly for the mechanical system matching with the symbol scheme is realized. The transform matrix of each basic mechanism stored in the stage of spatial layout is acquired firstly. Then according to the difference between basic mechanism's layout coordinate system and its modeling coordinate system, the above transform matrix need to be revised to make these two coordinate system same. At last, adopting the predefined assembly technology, every basic mechanism will be positioned at specific location by using the transform matrix data, and 3D automatic virtual assembly matching with symbol scheme is realized.
(4) A kind of parametric-based industrial aesthetic design of product is presented in this dissertation. The appearance of product mainly depends on some key aesthetic factors, such as dimensions, ratios and so on. These factors can be taken as control parameters to model the appearance of product. In this dissertation, taking the industrial sewing machine as an example, based on UG platform and secondary development technology (UG/OPEN API), the aesthetic design of industrial sewing machine is realized. The results of the example demonstrate the validity of the proposed method.
(5) An automatic spatial layout algorithm for complex mechanical systems with container constraint is proposed in this dissertation. The layout container is classified into two categories: convex and concave. Self-adaptive genetic algorithm is adopted to optimize mechanical systems with container constraint. In this algorithm, each basic mechanism is denoted with four integer genetic code. Human and machine interaction technique is adopted to control the location and orientation of the first basic mechanism. Two kinds of interference test methods are presented for different type of layout container. At last, based on the layout optimization results, adopting predefined assembly technique, automatic virtual assembly for the mechanical system within the layout container is realized.
The innovations and distinctions of this dissertation are given as follows:
(1) Automatic spatial layout design of complex mechanical systems with constraints is applied into product's fast creative design theory system, which makes mechanical system not only satisfy the industrial aesthetic design but also satisfy the requirement of long life and high reliability.
(2) As an important module of fast creative design theory system, the 3D automatic virtual assembly matching with symbol schemes is realized, which make it possible to select the best creative design scheme from many design schemes by intuitionistic way.
(3) A Parametric-based industrial aesthetic design method is presented. This method correlates product's aesthetic form factors and the key feature parameters of product model. By changing the key feature parameter, different style of product appearance will be generated.
引文
[1] 王玉新．复杂机械系统快速创新设计．北京：科学出版社，2006
[2] 王玉新．数字化设计．北京：机械工业出版社，2003
[3] Pahl G., Beitz W. Engineering Design. London: The Design Council, 1984
[4] 张建明，魏小鹏，张德珍．产品概念设计的研究现状及其发展方向．计算机集成制造系统，2003，Vol．9(8)：613-620
[5] Ullman D G. The mechanical design process(2th edition).New York: McGraw-Hill, 1997
[6] Wynne H., Irene M Y W. Current research in the conceptual design of mechanical products. Computer Aided Design, 1998, Vol.30(5):377-389
[7] 邓家缇，韩晓建，曾硝等．产品概念设计．北京：机械工业出版社，2002，5
[8] Kota S., Chiou S.J. Conceptual design of mechanisms based on computational synthesis and simulation of kinematic building blocks. Research in Engineering Design,1992, Vol.4(2):75-87
[9] 田永利，邹慧君，郭为忠．基于功能-过程-动作-机构的计算机辅助机械运动系统概念设计模型的研究．机械设计与研究(增刊)，2002，18：37-39
[10] Chiou S.J., Kota S. Automated conceptual design of mechanisms. Mechanisms and machine Theory, 1999, Vol.34(3):467-495
[11] Umeda Y., lshii M., Yoshioka M., etc. Supporting conceptual design based on the function-behavior-state modeler. AIEDAM, 1996, 10:300-313
[12] Wynne Hsu, Jerry Y H Fuh, Yunfeng Zhang. Synthesis of Design Concepts from a design for assembly perspective. Computer Integrated Manufacturing Systems, 1998, Vol. 11(1-2): 1-13
[13] 王玉新，邰晓梅，姜杉．三维虚拟环境下机械产品的概念设计．中国机械工程，2001， Vol．12(3)：256-259
[14] Yuxin Wang, Wang Lijun. Automatic conceptual design of mechanical devices based on reasoning the design rules. Proceedings of the ASME Design Engineering Technical Conference, 2002, 149-154
[15] Yuxin Wang, Hongsen Yan. Computerized rules-based regeneration method for conceptual design of mechanisms. Mechanism and Machine Theory, 2002, Vol.37(9): 833-849
[16] Liggett R. S., Mitchell W. J. Optimal space planning in practice. Computer Aided Design, 1981, Vol. 13(5): 277-288
[17] Michalek J. J., Choudhary R., Papalambros R Y. Architecture layout design optimization. Engineering Optimization, 2002, Vol.24(5): 461-484
[18] Abroad A. R., Basir O., Hassanein K. Fuzzy interference in the web page layout design. In: Proceedings of the first Workshop on Web Service: Modeling, Architecture & Infrastructure, France, 2003, 33-41
[19] Ahmad A. R., Basir O., Hassanein K. An intelligent decision support system for layout design. Working paper, Systems Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, 2004(http://pami.uwaterloo.ca/pub/rahim/IL-DSS-APDSI-2004.PDF)
[20] Caccetta L., Kusumah Y. S. Computational aspects of the facility layout design problem. Nonlinear Analysis, 2001, Vol.47(8): 5599-5610
[21] Yang T., Kuo C. A hierarchical AHP/DEA methodology for the facilities layout design problem. European Journal of Operational Research, 2003, Vol. 147(1): 128-136
[22] Cahlon B. G. A model for the convective cooling of electronic components with application to optimal placement. Mathematics and Computer Modeling, 1991, Vol. 15(2): 59-75
[23] 孔天明，洪先龙，乔长阁．VEAP：基于全局优化的有效VLSI布局算法．半导体学报，1997，Vol．8(9)：692-699
[24] 王乃龙，戴宏宇，周润德．用模拟退火算法实现继承电路热布局优化．半导体学报，2003，Vol．24(4)：427-432
[25] Szykman, S., Cagan, J. Constrained three-dimensional component layout using simulated annealing. ASME Journal of Mechanical Design, 1997, Vol. 119(1): 28-35
[26] Cagan J., Degentesh, D., Yin, S. A simulated annealing-based algorithm using hierarchical models for general three-dimensional component layout. Computer Aided Design, 1998, Vol.30(10): 781-790
[27] 王慧娟，王金敏，李乃华．机械产品布局设计的分层递阶求解模型．现代制造工程，2004(2)：111-113
[28] 王玉新，王永山．复杂机械系统空间布局研究．机械工程学报，2005，Vol．41(2)：6-14
[29] Ferebee M J, Allen C L. Optimization of payload placement on an arbitrary spacecraft. Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets, 1991, Vol.28(5):612-614
[30] Kamran D, Maziar A, Hossein S. E "FARAGAM" algorithm in satellite layout. In: Proceedings of 6th Asia-Pacific Conference on Multilateral Cooperation in Space Technology and Application, Beijing, 2001, 120-127
[31] 李端庄，达民，王睿等．飞机座舱操纵装置空间布局优化设计．系统仿真学报，2004，Vol．16(6)：1305-1307
[32] Dowsland K. A., Dowsland K. B. Packing problem. European Journal of Operational Research, 1992, Vol.56:2-14
[33] Cagan J., Shimada K., Yin S. A survey of computational approaches to three-dimensional layout problems. Computer Aided Design, 2002, Vol.34(3): 597-611
[34] Dyckhoff H. A typology of cutting and packing problems. European Journal of Operations Research, 1990, Vol.44(1-2): 145-159
[35] Sweeney P. E., Paternoster E. R. Cutting and packing problems: A categorized, application-oriented research bibliography. Journal of the Operation Research Society, 1992, Vol.43(7): 691-706
[36] Sachdev S. Paredis C. J. J., Gupta S. K., et al. 3D spatial layout using A-Teams. In: Proceeding of DETC' 98(ASME Design Engineering Technical Conference), Atlanta, Georgia, September, 1998, 1-11
[37] 查建中，唐晓君，陆一平．布局及布置问题求解自动化的理论与方法综述，计算机辅助设计与图形学学报，2002，Vol．14(8)：706-712
[38] Szykman S., Cagan J. Synthesis of optimal non-orthogonal routes. ASME Joumal of Mechanical Design, 1996, Vol. 118 (3): 419-424
[39] Kolli A., Cagan J. R. A. Packing of genetic three-dimensional components based on multi-resolution modeling. In Proceedings of the 1996 ASME Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers in Engineering Conference: Design Automation Conference, 96-DETC/DAC-1479, Irbine, CA, 1996:18-22
[40] Loris Faina. A global optimization algorithm for the three-dimensional packing problem. European Journal of Operational Research, 2000, Vol. 126(2): 340-354
[41] 邱英汉．三维实体布局中实体初始摆放位置的研究．计算机工程与应用．1998，2：43-46
[42] 王爱虎，查建中，王金敏．一种基于二叉树结构表达的矩形物体布局的启发式算法，软件学报，1996，Vol．7(4)：252-257
[43] 王爱虎，查建中，王金敏，等．简单多边形裁剪及交并计算的统一算法．天津大学学报，1997，Vol．30(3)：281-286
[44] 何大勇，鄂明成，查建中，等．基于空间分解的集装箱布局启发式算法及布局空间利用率规律．计算机辅助设计与图形学学报，2000，Vol．12(5)：367-370
[45] 冯恩民，王锡禄．卫星舱内长方体群布局的优化模型及全局优化算法．运筹学学报，2001，Vol．5(3)71-77
[46] 戴佐，查建中．面向对象的交互式三维布局仿真系统003DP．计算机仿真，1993，(3)：16-22
[47] 戴佐，袁俊良，查建中，郭伟．一种基于八叉树结构表达的三维实体布局启发式算法．软件学报，1995，Vol．6(10)：629-636
[48] Z Dai, J Z Cha, J L Yuan. An octree approach for 3-D packing problems with arbitrary shaped object. In: Proceeding of Conference on Design Automation. Minneapolis, 1994, 125-134
[49] 戴佐，查建中，倪中力．三维布局中八叉树节点的快速分解算法．软件学报，1995，Vol．6(11)：679-685
[50] 戴佐，查建中．三维实体布局中干涉检验的八叉树方法．计算机辅助设计与图形学学报，1995，Vol．7(4)：257-262
[51] 王金敏，查建中，王爱虎，段国林．一种生成物体八叉树模型的新算法．河北工业大学学报，1996，Vol．25(2)：16-22
[52] 王金敏，查建中，王爱虎等．复杂物体间的距离．计算机辅助设计与图形学学报，1997，Vol．9(1)：14-19
[53] 于建平，陈德桂．复杂实体干涉检验的改进八叉树法．计算机工程与设计，1997，Vol．18(6)：15-20
[54] 陆一平，查建中，李建勇，等．抽象物体的2~n-叉树表示及其在高维布局问题中的应用． 工程图学学报，2001，Vol．22(4)：24-30
[55] 王金敏，张平，王爱虎等．三维布局的一种优化算法．天津大学学报，1997，Vol．30(2)：193-198
[56] J.M. Valerio de Carvalho, A.J. Guimaraes Rodrigues. An LP-based approach to a two-stage cutting stock problem. European Journal of Operational Research, 1995, Vol.84(2):580-589
[57] Beasley J E. An exact two-dimensional non-guillotine cutting tree search procedure, Operational Research. 1985, Vol.33(1):49-65
[58] Enrico Faggioli, Carlo Alberto Bentivoglio, Heuristic and exact methods for the cutting sequencing problem. European Journal of Operational Research, 1998, Vol. 110:564-575
[59] Udy J L, Bailing R. J. et al. Computation of interferences between three-dimensional objects and the optimal packing problem. Advances in Engineering Software, 1988, Vol. 10(1): 8-14
[60] 黄文奇，陈亮．求解有关空间利用的调度问题的拟物方法．中国科学(A辑)，1991，Vol．21(3)：325-331
[61] 唐飞，滕弘飞，刘峻，等．带作用力约束的二维装填布局问题——航天器中复杂插座板上插孔的布局优化设计．宇航学报，2000，Vol．21(2)：50-57
[62] 腾弘飞，孙守林，葛文海，等．转动圆桌平衡摆盘——带平衡性能约束的Packing问题．中国科学(A辑)，1994，Vol．24(7)：754-760
[63] 王秀梅，冯恩民，腾弘飞．旋转舱布局优化模型的主要性质和不干涉算法．大连理工大学学报，1995，Vol．35(2)：125-131
[64] 葛文海，腾弘飞．多自由度多圆柱体舱内物体的三维布局优化．大连理工大学学报，1995，Vol．35(4)：493-498
[65] Mitchell W J, Steadman J P, Liggett R S. Synthesis and optimization of small rectangular floor plans. Environment and Planning B, 1976, 3:37-70
[66] Roth J, Hashimshony R, Wachman A. Turning a graph into a rectangular floor plan. Building and Environment, 1982, 17:163-173
[67] Dowsland K A. An exact algorithm for the pallet loading problem. European Joumal of Operational Research, 1987, 31: 78-84
[68] 吴惠中，王英林．一种立体空间布局模型及布局算法．计算机学报，1994，Vol．17(11)：835-841
[69] 王英林，吴慧中．空间布局的约束图方法．软件学报，1998，Vol．9(3)：200-204
[70] Albano A. A method to improve two-dimensional layout. Computer-aided Design, 1977,Vol.9(1): 48-52
[71] 王金敏．基于约束的布局求解理论与方法的研究：[博士学位论文]．天津：天津大学，1996
[72] 孙守迁，唐明，潘云鹤．面向人机工程的布局设计方法的研究．计算机辅助设计与图形学学报，2000，12(11)：870-872
[73] 张钹．近十年的人工智能发展．模式识别与人工智能，1994，7(增刊)：1-8
[74] 戴汝为，王钰．巨型智能系统的探讨．自动化学报，1993，Vol．19(6)：645-655
[75] 钱学森，于景元，戴汝为．一个科学新领域——开放的复杂巨系统及其方法论．自然杂 志，1990，Vol．13(1)：3-10
[76] 曾芬芳．虚拟现实技术．上海交通大学出版社，1997
[77] Julien Antonio, Fabrice Chauvet, Chengbin Chu, et al. The cutting stock problem with mixed objectives: Two heuristics based on dynamic programming. European Journal of Operational Research, 1999, Vol.114(2): 395-402
[78] Paolo Toth. Optimization engineering techniques for the exact solution of NP-hard combinatorial optimization problems. European Journal of Operational Research, 2000, Vol.125(2): 222-238
[79] 陆一平，查建中，李建勇，等．一种基于邻接极小搜索的布局模式生成方法．北方交通大学学报，2000，Vol．24(4)：52-56
[80] 于洋，查建中，唐晓君．一种混合全局寻优算法及其在布局中的应用．计算机辅助设计与图形学学报，2001，Vol．13(9)：846-850
[81] 于洋，查建中，唐晓君．面向布局问题求解的混合全局优化算法研究．铁道学报，2001，Vol．23(6)：44-49
[82] 乔建忠，雷为民，李本忍，等．混合遗传算法研究及其应用．小型微型计算机系统，1998，Vol．19(12)：14-19
[83] Bischoff EE, Marriott M D. A comparative evaluation of heuristics for container loading. European Journal of Operational Research, 1990, Vol.44(2): 267-276
[84] Garey M R, Johnson D S. Computer and Intractability: A Guide to the Theory of NP-Completeness. New York: Freeman, 1979
[85] Pearl J. Heuristics: Intelligent Search Strategies for Computer Problem Solving. Addison-Weley, Reading, MA, 1984
[86] Gehring H et al. A computer-based heuristic for packing pooled shipment containers. European Journal of Operational Research, 1990, Vol.44(2): 277-288
[87] 戴佐．智能布局系统设计理论与方法的研究：[博士学位论文]．天津：天津大学，1995
[88] Haessler R W, Talbot F B. Load planning for shipments of low density products. European Journal of Operational Research, 1990, Vol.44(2): 289-299
[89] 黄文奇，朱虹，许向阳，宋益民．求解方格Packing问题的启发式算法．计算机学报，1993，Vol．16(11)：829-836
[90] Dechter R, Meiri I. Experimental evaluation of preprocessing algorithms for constraint satisfaction problems. Artificial Intelligence, 1994, Vol.68(2): 211-241
[91] 段国林，查建中，徐安平，等．启发式算法及其在工程中的应用．机械设计，2000，6：1-5
[92] Coffman E G, Shor P W. Average-case analysis of cutting and packing in two dimensions. European Journal of Operational Research, 1990, Vol.44:134-144
[93] Li K, Cheng K H. Heuristic algorithms for on-line packing in three-dimensions. Journal of Algorithms, 1992, Vol. 11(4): 376-382
[94] Li K, Cheng K H. On three-dimensional packing. SIAM Journal on Computing, 1990, Vol. 19(5): 847-867
[95] 卢开澄．图论及其应用．北京：清华大学出版社，1984
[96] 晏敏，张昌期，刘育骐．空间布局的计算机设计．小型卫星计算机系统，1988，Vol．9(12)：1-13
[97] Dowsland K A. Efficient automated pallet loading. European Joumal of Operational Research, 1990, Vol.44:232-238
[98] Leung J. A new graph-theoretic heuristic for facility layout. Management Science, 1992, 38(4): 594-605
[99] Foulds L R, Tran H V. Library Layout Via Graph Theory. Computers & Industrial Engineering, 1986, Vol. 10(3): 245-252
[100] 袁苗龙，周济，张新访．三维几何布局的一类启发式求解算法．计算机学报，1999， Vol．22(9)：923-930
[101] FENG Enmin, WANG Xilu, WANG Xiumei, et al. An algorithm of global optimization for solving layout problems. European Journal of Operational Research, 1999, Vol.114(2): 430-436
[102] Rob A, Rutenbar, Simulated Annealing Algorithms: An Overview. IEEE circuits and devices magazine, 1989, 1:19-26
[103] Kirkpatrick S, Gelatt C D Jr, Vecchi M P. Optimization by simulated annealing. Science, 1983, Vol.220(4598): 671-680
[104] Jain Pet al. Optimal blank nesting using simulated annealing. ASME Journal of Mechanical Design, 1992, Vol. 114(1): 160-165
[105] Cagan, J. A shape annealing solution to the constrained geometric knapsack problem. Computer-Aided Design, 1994, Vol.26(10), 763-769
[106] Szykman, S., Cagan, J. A Simulated Annealing-Based Approach to Three-Dimensional Component Packing. ASME Journal of Mechanical Design, 1995, Vol. 117(2): 308-314
[107] Fujita K., Akagi S., Nakatogawa T. Hybrid approach to plant layout design using constraint-directed search and an optimization technique, ASME Journal of Mechanical Design, 1994, Vol. 116(4) 1:1026-1033
[108] 段国林，查建中，林建平，等．模拟退火法在钟手表机芯布局中的应用．计算机辅助设计与图形学学报，1999，Vol．11(3)：276-279
[109] 王金敏，马丰宁，刘黎．模拟退火算法在布局求解中的应用．机械设计，2000，2：6-9
[110] 王彩虹，段国林，张健楠，等．模拟退火的研究及其在不规则多边形布局中的应用．河北工业大学学报，2001，Vol．30(4)：30-34
[111] Mosher Todd. Spacecraft design using a genetic algorithm optimization approach. IEEE Aerospace Conference, 1998, 3:123-134
[112] Holland J H. Adaptation in nature and artificial systems. Ann Arbor: Univ. of Michigan Press, 1975
[113] Petridis V, Kazarlis S, Bakirtzis A. Varying fitness function in genetic algorithm constrained optimization: The cutting stock and unit commitment problems. IEEE Transactions on System, Man, and Cybenetics——Part B: Cybernetice, 1998, Vol.28(5): 629-639
[114] Hower W. Placing computations by adaptive measures. Artificial Intelligence in Engineering, 1997, Vol.11(3): 307-317
[115] Norman Bryan A, Smith Alice E. Random Keys Genetic Algorithm with Adaptive Penalty Function for Optimization of Constrained Facility Layout Problems. In: Proceeding of the IEEE Conference on Evolutionary Computation, 1997:407-411
[116] Israni S S, Hon K K B. New approaches for the nesting of two-dimensional shapes for press tool design. International Journal of Production Research, 1992, Vol.30(4): 825-837
[117] Shahookar K, Mazumderi P. A genetic approach to standard cell placement using mata-genetic parameter optimization. IEEE Transactions on Computer Aided Design, 1990, Vol.9(5): 500-511
[118] Fujita K et al. Hybrid approach for optimal nesting a genetic algorithm and a local minimization algorithm. Proceeding of the ASME Conferences on Advances in Design and Automation, 1993, Vol.65(1): 477-484
[119] 段国林，查建中，林建平，等．遗传算法在钟表机芯设计中的应用．软件学报，1998，Vol．9(7)：515-519
[120] 唐飞，腾弘飞．一种改进的遗传算法及其在布局优化中的应用．软件学报，1999，Vol．10(10)：1096-1102
[121] 王金敏，王玉新，曾维川，等．基于遗传算法的布局求解法．天津大学学报，2001，Vol．34(3)：307-311
[122] 于洋，查建中，唐晓君．基于学习的遗传算法及其在布局中的应用．计算机学报，2001，Vol．24(12)：1242-1249
[123] Liew C. W. Using feedback to improve VLSI designs. Proceedings of the Conference on Artificial Intelligence Applications, 1995:109-116
[124] Bahrami A, Dagli C H. Hybrid intelligent packing system (HIPS) through integration of artificial neural networks, artificial intelligence, and mathematical programming. Applied Intelligence, 1994, Vol.4(4): 321-336
[125] 晏敏，张昌期，翟贤，等．平面布局专家系统的尺寸推理机制．华中理工大学学报，1989，4：39-44
[126] 晏敏，张昌期，翟贤，等．平面布局专家系统的自学习智能回溯搜索策略．华中理工大学学报，1989，4：45-50
[127] 晏敏，张昌期，刘育骐．基于墙模型的平面布局专家系统框架．华中理工大学学报，1990，Vol．18(1)：26-32
[128] 葛文海．约束布局优化理论方法研究及其在大型航天器舱布局设计中的应用：[博士学位论文]．大连：大连理工大学，1995
[129] 高胜，常玉连．专家系统在油田注水管网系统布局改造设计中的应用．钻采工艺，2002，Vol．25(2)：31-33
[130] 赵龙文，侯义斌．Agent的概念模型及其应用技术．计算机工程与科学，2000，Vol．22(6)：75-79
[131] Goldstein D, Kaminski R, Goldstein J. Multi-agent planning for network layout: CBR, CLIPS, Java, knowledge base management work together. PC AI, 2001, Vol. 15(6):43-46
[132] Hart S Y, Kim Y S, Lee T Y, et al. Framework of concurrent process engineering with agent-based collaborative design strategies and its application on plant layout problem. Computers and Chemical Engineering, 2000, Vol.24(2): 1673-1679
[133] 戴汝为．“人机结合”大成智慧．模式识别与人工智能，1994，Vol．7(3)：181-190
[134] 钱志勤，腾弘飞，孙志国．人机交互的遗传算法及其在约束布局优化中的应用．计算机学报，2001，Vol．24(5)：553-559
[135] 刘俊，杨光辉，腾弘飞．运用系统工程方法处理复杂布局问题．机械科学与技术，2001，Vol．20(6)：933-935
[136] Lenat Douglas B, Feigenbaum Edward A. On the thresholds of knowledge. Artificial Intelligence, 1991, Vol.47(1): 185-230
[137] 路甬祥，陈鹰．人机一体化系统与技术——21世纪机械科学的重要发展方向．机械工程学报，1994，Vol．30(5)：1-7
[138] 路甬祥，陈鹰．人机一体化系统科学体系和关键技术．机械工程学报，1995，Vol．31(1)：1-7
[139] 杨灿军，陈鹰，路甬祥．人机一体化智能系统理论及应用研究探索．机械工程学报，2000，Vol．36(6)：42-47
[140] 杨灿军，陈鹰．人机一体化协同决策研究．系统工程理论与实践，2000，Vol．20(5)：24-29
[141] He Wei-qing, Marriott Kim. Constrained graph layout. Constraints, 1998, Vol.3(4): 289-314
[142] Goetschalckx M. An interactive layout heuristic based on hexagonal adjacency graphs. European Journal of Operational Research, 1992, Vol.63(2): 304-321
[143] 胡静，李金龙，陈恩红，等．交互式遗传算法中用户评估方法研究．小型微型计算机系统，2001，Vol．22(5)：562-564
[144] Waiters Curtis L, Welch Jack L. Human factors applications in control systems design for ground testing of turbine engines. Instrumentation in the Aerospace Industry: Proceedings of the International Symposium, 1993, 1123-1130
[145] 钱志勤．人机交互的演化设计方法及其在航天器舱布局方案设计中的应用：[博士学位论文]．大连：大连理工大学，2001
[146] TENG Hong-fei, SUN Zhiguo, LU De-quan, et al. Complex layout optimization problem: layout scheme design of spacecraft module. Journal of Dalian University of Technology, 2001, Vol.41(5): 581-588
[147] 苗玉彬，腾弘飞，刘占伟．基于HCI-SA／GA的演化设计方法及其在布局中的应用．机械工程学报，2003，Vol．39(2)：133-139
[148] 刘宏增，黄靖远．虚拟设计．北京：机械工业出版社，1999
[149] 童兴辉，童秉枢，高陆，等．基于Web协同虚拟装配规划的实现．机械科学与技术，2003，Vol．22(5)：495-498
[150] 姜华．机械产品的装配序列规划研究：[博士学位论文]．武汉：华中理工大学，1997
[151] 顾延权．面向机器人装配的并行设计系统研究：[博士学位论文]．哈尔滨：哈尔滨工业 大学，1998
[152] 张林筵．并行工程环境下面向装配的产品设计研究：[博士学位论文]．北京：清华大学， 1998
[153] 章建标，唐荣锡，魏生民，等．装配序列的生成算法．机械工程学报，1999， Vol．35(5)：58-61
[154] 宋玉银，褚秀萍，蔡复之．集成化产品装配设计与模糊评价方法研究．计算机集成制造系统，2000，Vol．6(2)：75-80
[155] 刘振宇，谭建荣，张树友．面向虚拟装配的产品层次信息表达研究．计算机辅助设计与图形学学报，2001，Vol．13(3)：223-228
[156] 刘振宇，谭建荣，张树友，等．虚拟环境中装配设计语义的表达、传递与转化研究．计算机学报，2000，Vol．23(11)：1208-1214
[157] 周炜，刘继红．虚拟环境下人工拆卸的实现．华中科技大学学报，2000，Vol．28(2)：45-47
[158] Cao P, Liu J, Zhong Y. Dynamic management of assembly constraints for virtual disassembly. ICMA, 2002:307-314
[159] 管强，刘继红，钟毅芳，等．虚拟环境下面向装配的设计系统的研究．计算机辅助设计与图形学学报，2001，Vol．13(6)：515-519
[160] 高瞻，张树有，顾嘉胤，等．虚拟现实环境下产品装配定位导航技术研究．中国机械工程．2002，Vol．13(11)：901-903
[161] Jayaram S, Jayaram U, Wang Y, et al. VADE: A virtual assembly design environment. IEEE Computer Graphics and Application, 1999, Vol. 19(6): 44-50
[162] Srinivasan H, Shyamsundar N, Gadh R. A framework for virtual disassembly analysis. Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing, 1997, 8:277-295
[163] Dewar R G, Carpenter I D, Ritchie J M, et al. Assembly planning in virtual environment innovation in technology management-The key to global leadership. PICMET'97: Portland International Conference on Management and Technology, 1997
[164] Siddique Z, Rosen DW. A virtual prototyping approach to product disassembly reasoning. Computer Aided Design, 1997, Vol.29(12): 847-860
[165] Drews P, Weyrich M. A system for digital mock-up's and virtual prototype design in industry: The virtual workbench, IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics, 1997, 3:1292-1296
[166] Choi A C K, Chan D S K, Yuen A M E. Application of virtual assembly tools for improving product design. International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 2002, Vol. 19(5): 377-383
[167] 郑太雄．虚拟装配理论与方法研究：[博士学位论文]．重庆：重庆大学，2003
[168] 潘云鹤，孙守迁，包恩伟．计算机辅助工业设计技术发展状况与趋势．计算机辅助设计与图形学学报，1999，Vol．11(3)：248-252
[169] 张阿维，陆长德．技术美与工业设计．西北纺织工学院学报，2000，Vol．14(4)：376-381
[170] 刘国余，沈杰．产品基础形态设计．北京：中国轻工业出版社，2001
[171] 陆长德，余隋怀．计算机辅助工业设计在数控机床工业设计中的应用．机械工程学报，1995，Vol．31(5)：86-90
[172] 高敏．机械产品艺术造型基础．北京：学术书刊出版社，1989
[173] 刘弘，刘希玉，马丽娜．支持进化的计算机辅助设计环境．计算机辅助设计与图形学学报，2003，Vol．15(2)：167-173
[174] Hong LIU, Mingxi Tang, John Hamilton Frazer. Supporting creative design in a visual evolutionary computing environment. Advances in Engineering Software, 2004, Vol.35(5): 261-271
[175] Shih-Wen Hsiao, Hung- Cheng Tsai. Applying a hybrid approach based on fuzzy neural network and genetic algorithm to product form design. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 2005, Vol.35(5): 411-428
[176] Hung-Cheng Tsai, Shih-Wen Hsiao, Fei-Kung Hung. An image evaluation approach for parameter-based product form and color design. Computer-Aided Design, 2006, Vol.38(2): 157-171
[177] 蔡宏政，林振阳，洪嘉永．人工智慧辅助产品色彩配色．南华大学应用艺术与设计学报，2006，1：109—116
[178] 金涛，金志江，童水光．一种支持外形创新设计的重建模型表达及建模方法．汽车工程，2005，Vol．27(5)：615-618
[179] 乐万德，余隋怀，王可，等．支持工业设计的产品族结构模型研究．计算机集成制造系统，2004，Vol．10(9)：1062—1066
[180] 马天颖．计算机辅助工业设计评价系统研究与实现：[硕士学位论文]．西安，西北工业大学，2000
[181] 谢朝林．轿车车身智能化计算机辅助造型ICAS系统美学与启动特性评价模块：[硕士学位论文]．广东，华南理工大学，2001
[182] 黄向东，谢朝林，谢岳璁．基于神经网络的汽车车身造型美学评价初探．中国机械工程，2002，Vol．13(5)：420—423
[183] 王金敏，王玉新，查建中．布局问题约束的分类及表达．计算机辅助设计与图形学学报，2000，Vol．12(5)：349—354
[184] 王玉新，姜杉，邰晓梅．面向对象机构运动分析自动化方法研究．机械设计，2000，7：19-22
[185] 王玉新，朱殿华，李乃华．基于设计规则细化的机构方案生成方法．2002，Vol．35(2)：175-178
[186] Chang Zongyu, Zhang Ce, Yang Yuhu, etc. A new method to mechanism kinematic chain isomorphism identification. Mechanism and Machine Theory, 2002, Vol.37(4): 411-417
[187] 姜杉，王玉新，李乃华．符号方案三维实体化的自动化方法研究．计算机辅助设计与图形学学报，2002，Vol．14(10)：962-966
[188] Wang Yuxin, Mu Xihui. Automatic displacement analysis of planar mechanisms with matching basic kinematic chains method. Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering(English Edition), 2003, Vol. 16(2): 113-116
[189] Jiang shan, Wang Yuxin. Automatic approach of 3d mechanism conceptual. Proceeding of the 2004 the Eleventh World Congress in Mechanism and Machine Science, 2004, 251-254
[190] 王玉新，杨丽艳，朱殿华．复杂功能、结构关系表达及其在概念设计中的应用．机械工程学报，2004，Vol．40(6)：49-54
[191] 段路茜，王玉新，朱殿华．基于机构组合原理复杂机构的符号表达，天津大学学报，2004，Vol．37(2)：144-147
[192] 王玉新．机械系统概念设计自动化方法．机械工程学报，2002，Vol．38(10)：148-153
[193] Fraser A S. Simulation of genetic systems by automatic digital computers. Australian Journal of Biological Sciences, 1957, 10:484-491
[194] Koza J R. Genetic Programming: On the programming of computers by means of natural selection. MIT Press, Cambridge, 1992
[195] Schwefel H R Numerical optimization of computer models. Chichester, UK: John Wiley, 1981
[196] 陈国良，王煦法，庄镇泉，等．遗传算法及其应用．北京：人民邮电出版社，1996
[197] 刘勇，康立山，陈毓屏．非数字并行算法(第二册)．北京：科学出版社，1998
[198] 郭嗣琮，陈刚．信息科学中的软件计算方法．沈阳：东北大学出版社．2001
[199] 刘国余．产品设计．上海交通大学出版社，2000
[200] 宋宝华，陆长德，余隋怀，等．计算机辅助工业设计技术与中设系统简介．计算机辅助设计与图形学学报，2000，Vol．12(11)：867-869
[201] 刁宝成，焦永和．计算机图形学，高等教育出版社，1999
[202] 唐飞，腾弘飞．一种改进的遗传算法及其在布局优化中的应用．软件学报，1999，Vol．10(10)：1096-1102