摘要
南北贯穿塔克拉玛干大沙漠的塔里木沙漠公路防护林生态工程,是就地利用地下咸水、采用滴灌方式营建的大型防护林工程。极端干旱的气候条件使防护林长期存在着潜在土壤次生盐渍化的威胁,防护林的可持续性面临着严峻考验。本论文以塔里木沙漠公路防护林为研究对象,以土壤物理学、植物生态学为理论指导,从林地土壤水盐特征、植物耐盐生长特性、植物耗水和土壤蒸发、土壤水盐平衡等方面入手,采取定位监测和小区实验相结合的方法,研究沙漠地区防护林的咸水滴灌技术及水盐调控机理,为塔里木沙漠公路防护林工程的可持续发展提供依据,主要研究结论如下：
(1)林地土壤水分状况主要取决于灌水制度。土壤水分时间动态属于灌溉周期型,在稳定灌溉情况下,随灌溉年限的增加,土壤水分与土壤贮水量呈递减趋势。根据土壤水分垂直变化特性,可将剖面划分为水分速变层(0cm-20cm)、中变层(20cm-60cm)、弱变层(60cm-90cm)以及稳定层(90cm以下)4个层次。
(2)林地土壤盐分以钠型氯化物为主,林地土壤盐分分布和累积程度受灌水制度影响大,具有显著的表聚性。在地下水较深地段,自上而下依次可以分为表聚层、淋溶层和累积层3个层面,其中淋溶层盐分含量低且较为稳定。随灌溉年限增加,土壤盐分累积呈增长趋势；盐结皮厚度早期随时间呈快速增加趋势,后期增幅变小并最终趋于稳定。
(3)柽柳(Tamarix)、梭梭(Haloxylon)和沙拐枣(Calligomum)三类植物的生长状况和对盐分的适应能力具有显著差异。沙拐枣第一年生长迅速,柽柳前期4年-6年生长相对较慢,梭梭生长速度较为均匀。地下植物根系的分布呈现两个核心层：20cm-60cm集中分布着三种植物的根系,100cm以下只分布有梭梭和柽柳的根系。其中,梭梭的根系分布深度可达2m以下,而沙拐枣一般不超过90cm。咸水灌溉对三种植物成活及生长的影响表现为：随灌水矿化度升高,抑制作用愈强,且存在阈值变化现象。以灌水矿化度为标准,沙拐枣和柽柳存活阈值为15g·L-1-20g·L-1,抗盐阈值分别为10g·L-1-15g·L-1和20g·L-1左右,梭梭均大于30g·L-1。以土壤盐浓度为标准,沙拐枣存活和抗盐阈值在0.25ms/cm左右,柽柳为0.3ms/cm,梭梭在0.45ms/cm以上,三种植物抗盐能力依次为：梭梭>柽柳>沙拐枣。较大的降雨能够给沙拐枣造成盐害,补充灌水是较好的解决办法。
(4)植物蒸腾和土壤水分蒸发耗水量与气象因素有着直接的关系。整个生长季内林地土壤水分蒸发量7月最大(18.09kg.m-2.mon-1),三月最小(5.40kg.m-2.mon-1),单株植物林下土壤总蒸发量为202.24kg。三种植物植物蒸腾耗水6月、7月、8月、9月较大,基本各占年耗水量的20%左右。在一个生长季节内,对于地径2.0cm左右的柽柳、沙拐枣和梭梭,总蒸腾耗水量依次为：351kg、305kg和280kg。
(5)林地的盐分输入项主要取决于灌水量和灌水矿化度两个因素,防护林的水盐调控既要将林内土壤盐分淀积层控制在不对植物构成威胁的深度以下,同时还要考虑满足植物正常生长的耗水需求。在计算植物需水量时,土壤有效贮水量以林地主要根系分布层深度为计算尺度(梭梭120cm、沙拐枣和柽柳60cm),而这一深度也正是土壤盐分的控制目标层。
(6)咸水灌溉的塔里木沙漠公路防护林工程将长期面临着土壤次生盐渍化的威胁,实现科学合理的水盐调控是解决问题的关键。通过建立合理的灌水制度,并辅助土壤水盐监测预报、双支管轮灌、林分控制和减少土壤蒸发等水盐调控技术措施,可有效解决土壤次生盐渍化问题,保证防护林的可持续经营。
Shelterbelts ecological project along the Tarim Desert Highway, which is cross the Taklimakan Desert from north to south. It is the large-scale eco-project by using the local underground saline water with drip irrigation. In the conditions of extreme arid climate, the sustainability of the shelterbelts is confronted with severe tests by a long-time potential threat of soil secondary salinization. In this paper, the Tarim Desert Highway shelterbelts as the study object. to the soil physics, plant ecology as a theoretical guidance, by measuring the woodland soil water-salt characteristics, growth characteristics of salt-tolerant plants, plants and soil water evaporation, soil water and salt balance and so on, by using the combining method of the located monitoring and the plot experiments, it is studied on drip irrigation technology by saline water and the mechanism of water and salt regulation and control of the shelterbelts in the desert area. It is to be provided a basis for sustainable development of the Tarim Desert Highway shelterbelts. The main results are as follows:
(1) It is closely related between soil moisture status and irrigation scheduling in Tarim Desert Highway shelterbelt, Soil moisture depends on irrigation system. Under the stable irrigation quota, the dripper discharge and the volume of soil moist is changed larger with time increases. In the horizontal direction, the maximum radius is about 1.4m. And it did not increase with the irrigation amount; in the vertical direction, when the irrigation amount is greater than the water losses by vaporized, the soil moist had a gradual downward trend over time. Temporal dynamics of soil water is a type of irrigation cycle. Under the constant irrigation regime, the shelterbelt's soil moisture and soil water storage all had a decreasing trend by following the increase in irrigation years. According to the vertical variation of soil moisture, soil profiles could be divided into four layers, including water quick change layer (0cm-20cm), water moderate change layer (20cm-60cm), water weak layer (60cm-90cm) and water stable layer (90cm below).
(2) Na-chloride is the main soil salinity in Tarim Desert Highway shelterbelt, and soil salt distribution and the cumulative impact of a large degree by the irrigation system. Salt accumulation at the surface soil layer is generally significant. In the deeper sites in the groundwater, Salt distribution in soil profiles in the vertical direction from top to bottom can be divided into three layers:one layer of salt leaching is low and relatively stable. The surface accumulation layer is about 2cm in general; leached layer and the accumulation layer thickness (depth) depended largely on irrigation quota. With the increase of irrigation years, soil salinity accumulation also increased. While the surface salt crust thickness is rapidly increased in the early period, is increa sed to a lesser extent in the late period, and the ultimate basically tended to stable state.
(3) A significant difference of adaptability to salty water shows between three families plants, including Tamarix, Haloxylon and Calligonum, constituted the Tarim Desert Highway shelterbelt. Calligonum rapid grew in the first year; Tamarix relatively slowly grew in the initial 4-6 years; Haloxylon kept relatively stable growth rate. The distribution of shelterbelt plant roots presents two core layers:In the 20cm-60cm depth layer, these three plants'roots concentrated distribution. Below 100cm, there are only distributed to the roots of Tamarix and Haloxylon. Among them, Haloxylon roots' distribution depth could be reached to 2m below the surface and even deeper, but Calligonum is generally no more than 90cm.The impact on the three kinds of plant survival and growth to irrigate with saline water are as follows:With the irrigation salinity increased, the effect to inhibit plants growth is stronger. For Calligonum and Tamarix, their degree of influence by salt stress had a threshold mutation. To irrigation salinity as a standard, the survival threshold of Tamarix and Calligonum is 15g·L-1-20g·L-1, salt-resistance threshold are about lOg·L-1-15g·L-1 and 20g·L-1, and Haloxylon is higher than 30g·L-entirely To soil salinity as the standard, the survival and salt-resistance threshold of Calligonum are about 0.25ms/cm, those of Tamarix are about 0.3ms/cm, and those of Haloxylon are beyond 0.45ms/cm. The sequence of salt-resistance ability of 3 plants is Haloxylon ammodendron, Tamarix ramosissima and Calligonum arborescons. While soil salinity beyond Calligonum's salt resistance threshold, it would death, because the larger rainfall leached the salt to be accumulated from soil surface to the main root distribution layer. To solve this problem, a better approach is to supple irrigation without delay
(4) Plant transpiration and soil water evaporation has a direct relationship with meteorological factors. During growing period, there are similar regulation for soil water evaporation and plant transpiration of the shelterbelt, which appeared obvious "single peak" inter-monthly variation. During the whole growing season, the maximum of soil water evaporation appeared in July
(18.09kg·m-2·mon-1), the minimum appeared in March(5.40kg·m-2·mon-1), cumulative evaporation is 101.12kg·m-2, and the total soil evaporation of per-plant is 204.24kg. Plant transpiration of three plants had little difference from June to September, and the rate of annual water consumptions of every month is nearly 20%. The transpiration and water consumption of Haloxylon is the lowest, which of Tamarix and Calligonum are relatively large. In the growing season, for the plant diameter at 2.0cm of Haloxylon, Tamarix and Calligonum, their total transpiration are 351kg,305kg and 280kg, respectively.
(5) Woodland salt input mainly depends on two factors which are irrigation amount and irrigation salinity. The input salt of woodland is mainly found in the soil layer which under the wet layer. Establishing reasonable irrigation scheduling, which could control the soil salt of deposition layer in the certain soil layer without threaten the growing of shelterbelt plant. At the same time, consumption water demand could be included in the irrigation regime, which involved soil available water content, and it is based on the distribution depth of root system(Haloxylon 120cm, Tamarix and Calligonum 60cm). Also this depth is the controlling layer of soil salt.
(6) The Tarim Desert Highway shelterbelt project is confronted with a long-term threat of soil secondary salinization by irrigated with saline water. Water and salt to achieve scientific and reasonable regulation is the key to solving the problem. Through the establishment of rational irrigation scheduling, with assist monitoring and forecasting soil water and salt, use two branch pipes rotation irrigation, control woodland, reduce soil evaporation and other technical measures of water and salt regulation, soil secondary salinization problems could be an effective solution. And the sustainable management of protection forest can be ensured.
引文
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