摘要
全球钢铁产业生产力布局的改变和我国国民经济的持续快速发展,使得国内钢铁产能急剧增长。这不仅改变了钢铁产品供需关系,形成了严重供大于求的局面,同时也带来了资源、能源极度短缺,污染排放超过环境承受能力等严重问题。如何实现企业与环境、社会的协调发展,最大限度地降低资源和能源消耗,提高企业的竞争力,实现钢铁企业的可持续发展已成为钢铁行业面临的最紧迫任务。
本文在全面回顾循环经济发展历程的基础上,从提出循环经济的目的及其基本原则出发,研究了阻碍循环经济发展以及资源环境问题解决的主要因素,对循环经济进行了全面的反思,对循环经济未来的发展方向、发展目标及路径进行了研究,同时结合钢铁企业实际研究了在微观经济层面上发展循环经济的方法及路径。主要研究内容包括:
①在系统分析循环经济发展历史及现状的基础上,研究了循环经济的认识论基础及其与商品经济认识论基础的矛盾和冲突,明确提出只要循环经济被定位为在商品经济体系内实现可持续发展的一种手段,就不可能有真正的循环经济的观点并对此进行了充分的论证。从社会经济演进的一般规律出发,分析了建立循环经济社会必须的前提和条件,得出了循环经济只能孕育于商品经济制度环境中的结论,进而研究了在循环经济孕育过程中社会经济运行机制必须进行的变革,重点分析了政府和企业这两个商品经济社会里主要的行为主体在发展循环经济过程中应该发挥的作用及其必须进行的行为调整。
②在理论研究的基础上,以攀钢作为样本企业,围绕企业在发展循环经济的过程中如何适应经营环境的变化,实现企业自身发展目标与社会发展目标有机结合这一主题,从资源禀赋和工艺特征、发展历程和资源综合利用技术、产业政策及经营环境以及与国内外先进企业对比等四个方面研究了攀钢发展循环经济的客观必然性和可行性,深入分析了攀钢发展循环经济的有利条件。
③利用数据包络分析的思想,以攀钢为样本企业建立一个钢铁企业资源利用效率评价模型,从电耗、水耗和矿产资源消耗等三个方面反映钢铁企业资源配置的冗余程度,以及其规模效率及技术效率性,分析企业在发展循环经济过程中存在的问题。之后,利用层次分析法的思想,探讨了钢铁企业循环经济发展水平评价指标体系及相应评价方法的构建,并利用2003-2007年的数据,对攀钢的循环经济发展水平进行了评价。
④基于上述内容的研究和分析,针对攀钢循环经济发展过程中存在的问题进行了对策研究。提出了循环经济技术创新与制度创新方面的对策,并给出了加强资源综合利用技术的开发研究,提高资源利用效率,推进矿产资源的高效节约开发,最大限度发挥资源效益,实施清洁生产,融入社会循环经济大系统等建议和措施。
本文的主要结论及创新之处如下:
①钢铁企业循环经济发展水平评价指标体系的构建和应用。本文应用数据包络分析方法(DEA)构建模型对攀钢1995-2007年的资源利用效率进行了评价,应用层次分析法(AHP)构建了钢铁企业循环经济发展水平评价的指标体系和评价方法并对攀钢2003-2007年的循环经济发展水平进行了评价。对企业循环经济发展现状进行评价是研究企业循环经济的一个重要环节,通过评价不仅要确定企业的循环经济发展水平,更要从中发现企业循环经济发展中存在的问题。这是明确企业循环经济发展方向及选择循环经济发展路径和方法的逻辑起点。目前在循环经济评价指标体系及评价方法方面的研究主要还是基于国家层面、地区或园区层面的,对于如何评价钢铁企业循环经济发展水平的研究几乎没有。因此,本文在这一方面的研究具有一定的开创性。
②研究了循环经济认识论基础的重构。本文从提出循环经济理论的目的出发,系统论证了循环经济只能是不同于商品经济并与之对立的新的经济形态。具体地说,循环经济有着与商品经济完全不同的认识论基础。因此,它是一种与商品经济完全对立的新的经济形态。但是,发展循环经济的过程又必须在商品经济的环境中完成,所以循环经济的发展将是一个充满矛盾的过程。这一理论的提出不仅解释了循环经济发展步履维艰的原因,揭示了循环经济发展过程中面临的各种矛盾的根源,同时也为在循环经济发展过程中面临各种矛盾时如何作出选择提供了根本的判断基准。
③关于企业在发展循环经济中地位和作用的探讨。本文明确提出,在商品经济作为基本经济形态的社会里发展循环经济,必须依赖作为商品经济基本微观经济主体的企业。正确认识这一问题的根本点在于,认识到企业作为资源的主要消耗者和环境污染的主要来源是由商品经济的运行机制以及人们不断膨胀的物质需求共同决定的。在这一过程中,企业只是作为商品经济条件下实现各种社会经济目标的一个工具发挥了其应该发挥的作用。只有把企业作为发展循环经济的主要力量,而不是将其置于循环经济的对立面才能真正促进循环经济的发展。通过对攀钢循环经济发展状况进行分析,探索如何结合具体实际研究企业发展循环经济的问题,正是基于这样的认识。
With the change of the distribution of global iron-steel industry and the sustain and rapid development of economy, China’s iron-steel industry produce capacity has made a rapid growth, this not only change the relation between supply and demand of iron-steel production, which present supply exceeded demand, but also resulted in extremely shortage of resource and energy and a serious pollution of environment, due to the unbalanced technological level of construction projects. The point that how to achieve the coordinate development among enterprise, environment and society, minimize the resource and energy cost, improve the competitive force of enterprise, achieve the sustainable development of iron-steel industry become the priority for the iron-steel industry.
Based on the full retrospection of circular economy development history, depend on the objective of circular economy and its basic principle, this thesis focus on the main factors which obstruct the circular economy development and the solution of resource and environmental problems, conduct a comprehensive reflection on circular economy. At the same time, this thesis also study the future developing direction and objective of circular economy as well as the method and route to develop circular economy in term of microeconomic level based upon enterprises’actual situation. The main content of this thesis includes the following sections.
①T his thesis conducted a study on the inconsistency and conflict of epistemological basis between circular economy and commodity economy based upon a systematic analysis on the history and present situation of circular economy. Supported by the corresponding argumentation, it gives the viewpoint that no real circular economy would exist as long as it’s regarded as a way to realize sustainable development within the system of commodity economy. Then, this thesis get the conclusion that commodity economy is the unique condition to give birth to circular economy depending on the analyzing of the precondition and requirement of establishing circular economy starting from the general principles of social economy evolution. At the end, this thesis studied the reforms that have to be done towards the social economic operational system in the process to breed circular economy, especially analyzed the roles that government and enterprise, who are the dominant players in market economy as well as their necessary behavior adjustment, should play during developing circular economy .
②T aking Pangzhihua Iron-steel Company as an example, this thesis focus on the necessary objective and the practical advantages of developing circular economy in Pangzhihua Iron-steel Company by study the subject taht the enterprise adjust itself to adapt to the variation of operational conditions and to integrate its target with the objective of social development during the developing process of circular economy.
③B y using the model of Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) , this thesis established a model to evaluate the efficiency of iron-steel enterprise in development of circular economy, which can reflect iron-steel enterprise’s redundancy degree, scale efficiency and technical efficiency from the use of electricity consumption, water consumption and mineral resource consumption, and also analyzed the status problem of circular economy. And then, depending on the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) model, the thesis established the evaluation method for iron-steel enterprise’s circular economy development evaluation index system to evaluate the Pangzhihua Iron-steel Company’s development of circular economy by using the date from 2003 to 2007.
④B ased on the conclusions above, this thesis proposed a reasonable solution to the problems of circular economy, including the strategy of technology innovation and system innovation, integrating resource technique use, increasing the efficiency of resource use, promoting the efficient managing exploitation mineral resource, maximizing the cost-effectiveness, establishing a social circular economy system.
The conclusions and innovations of this thesis goes as follows:
①Construction and application of the evaluation index system for iron-steel enterprise in development of circular economy. By means of Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) model, this thesis established a model to evaluate the efficiency of iron-steel enterprise in development of circular economy by using the date from 1995 to 2007. And then, by using Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) model, this thesis established evaluation method for iron-steel enterprise’s circular economy development evaluation index system to evaluate the Pangzhihua Iron-steel Company’s development of circular economy. Evaluation of the iron-steel enterprise in development of circular not only determined the level of enterprise in development of circular economy, but also probe into the problem, so it’s a very important progress. The before research of evaluation system and evaluation method on this topic are mainly research on the national level, regional level, the assessment of enterprise in development of circular economy is very rare. Therefore, this study on this topic is a new one and can be treated as an innovation;
②Reconstructed the epistemological basis of circular economy. Circular economy is a new economic pattern established on a new epistemological basis ,which means it couldn’t be a development model based on the epistemology of commodity economy, and only such economic pattern can adapt to the future ecology civilization; Before replacing commodity economy as the mainstream economic pattern, circular economy shall gradually become mature within the economic ethics, the system basis and the operational mechanism of commodity economy where commodity economy is the soil to breed circular economy and it shall be inevitably replaced by circular economy;
③Explored the status and role of enterprise in the development of circular economy. Confronting serious resource and environmental problems, government, enterprise and social public should adjust their own behavior to fit the needs of developing circular economy. Meanwhile, restrictions must be taken to against the influence from commodity economy in respect to deteriorations of resource, environmental pollution and ecological destruction as we bring the functions of commodity economy to accelerate economic development continuously. As the microeconomic main part under commodity economy, enterprise should be the main force to develop circular economy while both government and social public actively create conditions for enterprise to help enterprise fulfilling such mission. Enterprise should actively adjust its behavior mode to adapt the business environment varied constantly with the development of circular economy.
引文
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