摘要
能源需求的不断增长导致油气勘探和生产作业步入更具挑战的极端地理和海洋环境，因此引起了海洋工程人员、环境、商业风险的持续增加，安全、绿色、经济已经成为海洋工程领域发展的主题。为了在目前通用的基于历史统计数据的海洋工程风险评估体系中合理引入数值分析方法从而考虑每个平台的设计特点，本文以自升式钻井平台为例开展了相关研究工作，对主要风险中的关键问题进行了数值计算，并提出了各主要风险的评估流程，总结了一些具有工程实用性的方法。
自升式钻井平台在位作业状态承受风、浪、流等环境载荷作用，本文采用极值概率模型确定各环境参数和载荷的极值，并以基底剪力和倾覆弯矩为对象求解环境载荷效应，然后通过非线性倒塌分析法得到平台结构体系抗力，提出了一种基于抽样统计法，并能考虑构件损失、疲劳裂纹、材料腐蚀等因素的极端海况下结构体系可靠性计算方法。
船舶碰撞载荷是一种强非线性的冲击载荷，本文考虑自升式钻井平台的结构特点，基于非线性瞬态分析方法，提出了一种考虑初始状态、自由振动和剩余强度的平台/船舶碰撞强度评估方法，并在此基础上就主要碰撞参数对结构损伤和动力响应的影响进行了分析。
海底地质条件的复杂性导致平台进行插桩作业时极易发生穿刺海损事故，本文基于非线性数值模拟技术，考虑土层参数的影响，对海底均质土和成层土地基的承载力进行了研究，并以此为基础提出了一种平台插桩过程模拟及穿刺可能性预报的方法。
油气处理过程中产生的碳氢化合物引起的火灾爆炸是海洋平台作业过程中的主要危险之一，本文基于DOW火灾爆炸指数法确定了平台作业危险区域及事故频率，并通过CFD方法对典型工况下的火灾后果进行了研究；基于动态仿真技术对人员安全逃生过程进行分析，并计及逃生参数的随机性提出了一种逃生死亡概率的计算方法。
The increase of energy demand leads the exploration and production operation of oil andgas facing a more challenging geography and sea state, which also brings the continuousincrease of human risk, environment risk and commercial risk of offshore installations.Therefore, safety, green and economy has become the development theme in the field ofocean engineering nowadays. In order to consider the design features of each installation andthe application of numerical analysis rationally in the general historical statistical data basedrisk assessment system, a Jack-up drilling unit is chosen as an example to do thecorresponding research. Several key problems in offshore primary risk are numericallycalculated and the assessment flow chart of primary risk is put forward, based on which somesignificant methods are summarized that can be useful for the engineering application.
Wind, wave and current are the primary environment loads for a Jack-up drilling unit inoperation condition. In this paper, the rational extreme probabilistic model is applied to getthe extreme environment parameters, and then environment load effect can be gained bycalculating the base shear and overturning moment. Furthermore, the structure systemresistance is acquired by the non-linear collapse analysis. Finally, one calculation method ofstructure system reliability which considers the member damage, fatigue crack and materialcorrosion in extreme sea state is obtained based on sampling statistics method.
Vessel collision load can be normally defined as a strong non-linear impact load. In thispaper, considering the structure feature of Jack-up drilling unit, one approach of assessingcollision strength between Jack-up and vessel considering the initial state, natural frequencyand residual strength is put forward based on the non-linear transient analysis. Furthermore,the influence of collision parameters on structure damage and dynamic response can beanalyzed.
The complexity of sea bed geography condition would lead to the punch-throughincident during the drilling process for Jack-up drilling unit. In this paper, considering theeffect of soil parameters, the bearing capacity of homogeneous soil and layered soil iscalculated based on non-linear numerical simulation method. Besides, one approach ofsimulating the penetrate process and predict the punch-through probability is proposed.
Fire and explosion caused by hydrocarbon leaks is one of the major threats to offshoreexplosion and production process of oil and gas. In this paper, the operation hazard area andincident frequency are determined by Dow’s Fire&Explosion Index Hazard ClassificationMethod, and the incident consequence in typical condition is analyzed by CFD method.Besides, the human safety escape process is simulated by dynamical technology and onecalculation approach of escape fatality probability which considers the random escapeparameters is also put forward.
引文
[1] DNV. Design Against Accidental Loads[S]. DNV-RP-C204,2004.
[2] Jan Erik Vinnem. Off shore Risk Assessment [M]. Norway: Kluwer AcademicPublishers,1999.
[3] R. G.. Bea et al. Quality Assurance in Building and Operation of Marine Structures[R].Report for ISSC(Vol.2), St. John’s Canada, September,1994:59-114.
[4] B.P.M.Sharples, W. T. Bennet and J. C. Trickey. Risk Analysis of Jack-up Rigs[J].Marine Structure,1989(2):281-303P.
[5]陈刚.海洋工程设计手册——风险评估分册[M].上海:上海交通大学出版社,2012.
[6] NRC. Reactor Safety Study, WASH1400[R]. Nuclear Regulatory Commission,Washington DC,1975.
[7] NPD. Guidelines for conceptual evaluation of platform design[S]. Norwegian PetroleumDirectorate, Stavanger,1980.
[8] NPD. Regulations Relating to Implementation and Use of Risk Analysis in thePetroleum Activities[S]. Norwegian Petroleum Directorate, Stavanger,1990.
[9] M. E. Pate-Cormell. Risk Analysis and Risk Management for Offshore Platforms: Lessonsfrom the Piper Alpha Accident[J]. Journal of OMAE,1993,115:179-190P.
[10] Lord Cullen. The Public Inquiry into the Piper Alpha Disaster[R]. HMSO, London,1990.
[11] HSE. Tolerability of Risk from Nuclear Power Stations[S]. HMSO, London,1992.
[12] SCI. Blast and Fire Engineering for Topside Systems, Phase2[R]. SCI,1998.
[13]张圣坤,白勇,唐文勇.船舶与海洋工程风险评估[M].北京：国防工业出版社,2003.
[14]秦炳军,张圣坤.海洋工程风险评估的现状和发展[J].海洋工程.1998,16(1):14-22.
[15]李典庆,张圣坤.海洋结构物风险评估方法的研究进展[J].中国海洋平台.2003,18(3):6-12页.
[16]陈刚,张圣坤.船舶搁浅概率的模糊事件树分析[J].上海交通大学学报.2002,36(1):112-116页.
[17]陈刚,张圣坤.船舶结构碰撞与搁浅风险分析研究综述[J].船舶工程.2000,6:57-61页.
[18]李庆典.海洋工程风险接受准则研究进展[J].海洋工程.2003,21(2):96-102页.
[19]秦炳军,张圣坤.动态过程评估方法[J].上海交通大学学报. Vo132(11),1998.
[20]李文龙,谭家华.超大型海洋浮式储油系统的风险评估[J].海洋工程.2004,22(3):1-8页.
[21]欧进萍,段忠东,肖仪清.海洋平台结构安全评定—理论、方法与应用[M].北京：科学出版社,2002.
[22]金鑫.舰船风险评估方法研究[D].哈尔滨：哈尔滨工程大学.2004.
[23]李玉刚,林焰,纪卓尚.海洋平台安全评估的发展历史和现状[J].中国海洋平台.2003,18(1):4-8页.
[24]孙彦杰,李良碧,尹群.碰撞、爆炸灾害下海洋平台风险评估研究初探[J].中国海洋平台.2007,22(5):38-43页.
[25]刘海燕,尹群,李良碧.漂浮碰撞作用下立管油气泄漏风险定量分析[J].中国海洋平台.2008,23(6):26-30页.
[26]尹群,孙彦杰,李良碧.油气泄漏灾害下海洋平台风险评估及安全措施研究[J].江苏科技大学学报.2008,22(2):1-5页.
[27]宋剑.海洋平台结构在偶然灾害作用下的可靠性研究[D].浙江：浙江大学.2005.
[28] A.M.Freudenthal, J.M.Garrets. The analysis of structural safety[J]. Jnl Struct Div.ASCE,1947,92(ST1):267-325P.
[29] Marshall, Peter.W. Risk evaluations for offshore structure[J]. ASCE St.Div.,1969,95(12).
[30] Marshall, Peter.W. Dynamic and fatigue analysis using directional spectra[C].Proceeding of8th annual offshore technology conference. OTC2537,1976:143-157P.
[31] Bea R.G. Selection of environmental criteria for offshore platform design[C].Proceeding of5th annual offshore technology conference. OTC1839,1973:185-196P.
[32] Bea R.G. Earthquake criteria for platforms in the Gulf of Mexico[C]. Proceeding of8thannual offshore technology conference. OTC2675,1976:657-679P.
[33] Soreeide T H, Amdahl J. UFSOS-a program for ultimate strength analysis of framedoffshore structures[R]. Report STF71A86049, SINTEF Structural Engineering,1986,Stavanger, Norway.
[34] Skallerud B, Amdahl J. Nonlinear analysis of offshore structures[M]. England:Research Studies Press Ltd.,2002.
[35] API. Recommended Practice for Planning, Designing and Constructing Fixed OffshorePlatforms-Working Stress Design[S]. Washington: American Petroleum Institute,2000.
[36] ISO. ISO19900Petroleum and natural gas industries-offshore structures-Part1:General requirements[S]. International Standardization Organization,2002.
[37] ISO. ISO/DIS19902Design of fixed steel jackets. DIS Draft[S]. InternationalStandardization Organization,2004.
[38] ISO. ISO/DIS13822bases for design of structures-Assessment of existingstructures[S]. International Standardization Organization,2000.
[39] Moses F. A Global Approach for Reliability-based Offshore Platform Codes[C].Proceeding of4th Integrity of Offshore Structures. Symp. Glasgow, London: Elsevier.1991.
[40] Theophanatos A, et al. Adaption of API RP2A-LRFD to the Mediterranean Sea[C]. The24th Offshore Technology Conference, Houston, OTC6932.
[41] Turner R C, et al. Towards the Worldwide Calibration of API RP2A-LRFD[C].Proceeding of24th OTC. Houston,513~520P.
[42] Sigurdsson G et al. Probabilistic Collapse Analysis of Jackets[C]. Proceeding ofICOSSAR’93, Innsbruck, Austria.1993:535-543P.
[43]余建星,郭振邦,徐慧.船舶与海洋结构物可靠性原理[M].天津：天津大学出版社,2001.
[44]金伟良.涠11-4C平台结构可靠性研究[R].杭州：浙江大学结构工程研究所.2000.
[45]吕秀艳,刘德辅,牟善军等.基于随机分析和概率预测的固定式海洋平台结构风险评估研究[J].中国海洋平台.2005,20(5):6-16页.
[46]吕秀艳,刘德辅,牟善军等.极端海况下海洋平台结构的风险评估[J].中国安全科学学报.2004,14(12):95-99页.
[47]林一.潜器耐压结构碰撞响应与强度评估方法研究[D].哈尔滨：哈尔滨工程大学.2010.
[48]王仁,熊祝华,黄文彬.塑性力学基础[M].北京:科学出版社，1982:62-68页.
[49] McDemrott J., Kline R., Jones E, ect. Tanker Structural Analysis for MinorCollisions[A]，SNAME Transactions,1974,82:382-414P.
[50] Chang.P.Y., Seibold F. And Thasanatorn C. A Rational Methodology for the Predictionof Structural Response due to Collisions of Ships[A], SNAME Transactions,88:173-193P.
[51] Reckling K. A. Mechanics of Minor Ship Collisions[J]. Int. J. Impact Engineering,1983,1(3):281-299P.
[52] Wang G., Ohtsubo H. Deformation of Ship Plate Subjected to Very Large Load[C].OMAE,1997.
[53] Minorsky V.U. An analysis of ship collision to Protection of nuclear powered Plant[J].Journal of ship Research,1959, l:l-4P.
[54] Jones N. and Jouri W.S. A Study of Plate Tearing for Ship Collision and GroundingDamage[J]. Journal of ship Research,1987,31(4):253-268P.
[55] Vaughan H. Bending and Tearing of Plate with Application to Ship Bottom Damage[J].Naval Architects,1978,3:9-99P.
[56] Paik J.K. Cutting of a Longitudinally stiffened Plate by a Wedge[J]. Journal of shipResearch,1994,38(4):340-348P.
[57] Zhang Shengming. The Mechanics of Ship Collisions[D]. Denmark TechnicalUniversity of Denmark,1999.
[58] Jones N. A Literature Survey on the Collision and Grounding Protection of Ships[R].Ship Structure Committee Report, No.SSC-283,1979.
[59] Amdahl J. Energy Absorption in Ship-Platform Impact[R]. Report No. UR-83-34,Norwegian Institute of Technology,1983.
[60] Martin J. Petersen, Preben T. Pedersen. Collision between ships and offshoreplatform[C]. Proceeding of13th annual offshore technology conference. OTC4134,1981:163-171P.
[61] Erik Petersen and Karre R.Johnsen. New nonlinear method for estimation of collisionresistance of mobile offshore units[C]. Proceeding of13th annual offshore technologyconference. OTC4135,1981:173-186P.
[62] Joao G. De liveria. The behaviour of steel offshore structures under accidentalcollision[C]. Proceeding of13th annual offshore technology conference. OTC4136,1981:187-198P.
[63]李润培,陈伟刚,顾永宁.近海固定平台碰撞的准静态分析[J].海洋工程.1995,13(2):14-21页.
[64]金伟良,龚顺风等.大型船舶碰撞引起的海洋导管架平台结构损伤分析[J].海洋工程.2003,21(2):20-25页.
[65] R G Bea. Human and Organization Errors in Reliability of Offshore Structures,Transactions of the ASME[J]. Journal of Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering,1997,119(47).
[66] Masaaki Matoba. Optimization of control measure in probabilistic safety assessment ofgrounding and collision[J]. Journal of the Society of Naval Architects of Japan.1996,186:301-309P.
[67] Hauke L Kite-powell and Di Jin. Investigation of Potential Risk Factors for Groundingsof Commerical Vessels in U. S. Ports[C], ISOPE,1999,9:1.
[68] Jesper Urban, P Terndrup Pedersen. Collision Risk Analysis for HSC, FAST’99[C].5thInternational Conference on Fast Sea Transportation, Seattle,1999.
[69] Jaideep Sirkar. A Framework For Assessing the Environmental Performance of Tankersin Accidental Groundings and Collisions[A]. SNAME Transactions,1997,105.
[70] Manilis Samuelides. Prediction of oil outflow in the case of a ship-ship collision basedon energy considerations[J]. Journal of Ship Research.1999,43(3):194-200P.
[71] Michel Colin Moore, Ros Tagg. A simplified methodology for evaluating alternativetanker configurations[J]. Journal of Marine Science and Technology.1996:209-219P.
[72]陈刚.船舶结构碰撞与搁浅风险分析[D].上海：上海交通大学.2001.
[73] Young,A.G., Remmes,B.D., Meyer,B.J. Foundation performance of offshore jack-updrilling rigs[J]. Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, ASCE,1984,110(7):841-859P.
[74] McClelland, B.,Young,A.G., Remmes,B.D. Avoiding jack-up rig foundation failures[C].Proceeding of the International Symposium on Geotechnical Aspects of Coastal andOffshore Structure, Bangkok,1981:137-157P.
[75] Sharples,B.P.M. Risk analysis of jack-up rigs[C]. The2nd International Conference onthe Jack-up Drilling Platform, London,1989.
[76] Lu,Q., Hu,Y., Randolph,M.F. Deep penetration in soft clay with strength increasingwith depth[C]. Proceeding of International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference,Stavanger,2001,2:453-458P.
[77] Bowles,J.E. Foundation analysis and design[M]. McGraw Hill:New York,1988.
[78] Burd,H.J., Frydman,S. Bearing capacity of plain strain footings on layered soils[J].Canadian Geotechnical Journal,1997,34(2):241-253P.
[79] Love,J.P., Burd,H.J., Milligan,G.W.E. Analytical and model studies of reinforcement ofa layer of granular fill on a soft clay subgrade[J]. Canadian Geotechnical Journal,1987,24(6):611-622P.
[80] Brown,J.D., Meyerhof,G.G. Experimental study of bearing capacity in layered clays[C].Proceeding of7th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering,1969,2:45-51P.
[81] SNAME. Guidelines for Site specific assessment of mobile jack-up units, Society ofNaval Architects and Marine Engineers[S]. Technical and Research Bulletin5-5A, NewJersey,2002.
[82] Skempton,A.W. The bearing capacity of clays[C]. Building Research Congress,London,1951,1:180-189P.
[83] Meyerhof,G.G. and Hanna,A.M. Ultimate bearing capacity of footings on layered soilsunder inclined load[J]. Canadian Geotechnical Journal,1978,15(4):565-572P.
[84] Hossain M.S., Randolph,M.F., White,D.T.,etc. Punch-through of spud foundations intwo-layer clay[J]. Frontiers in offshore Geotechnics,2005:535-540P.
[85] Hossain M.S. Investigation of Soil Failure Mechanisms during Spudcan FoundationInstallation[D]. Curtin University of Technology,2004.
[86]周慧.上砂下黏双层地基纺锤形桩靴基础的穿透破坏机理研究[D].大连：大连理工大学.2011.
[87]孙东昌,潘斌.海洋自升式移动平台的设计与研究[M].上海:上海交通大学出版社,2008.
[88] Kellezi L, Stromann H. FEM analysis of jack-up spudcan penetration for multi-layeredcritical soil conditions [C]. International Conference on Foundations (ICOF), Dundee,Scotland,2003:411-420P.
[89] Kellezi L, Denver H, Kudsk G,et al. FE Skirted Footings Analyses for CombinedLoading and Layered Soil Profile[C]. The14th European conf. On Soil Mech. andGeotechnical Eng., Madrid,2007.
[90] Kellezi L., Kudsk G., Hofstede H. Skirted Footings Capacity for Combined Loads andLayered Soil Conditions [C]. Dundee, International Conference on Foundations (ICOF),Dundee, Scotland,2008:24~27P.
[91] Kellezi L, Kudsk G, Hofstede H. Jack-up Rig Foundation Design Applying3D FEStructure-Soil-Interaction Modeling [C]. Dundee, International Conference on Foundations(ICOF), Dundee, Scotland,2008:28-33P.
[92]龚闵.自升自航式船与地基土相互作用研究[D].上海：上海交通大学.2005.
[93] Bing Dai, Menglan Duan and FeiWang. Proactive Prediction Methods ofPunch-through Analysis on Jack-up Rigs[C]. Proc.20th International Offshore and PolarEngineering Conference, Beijing,2010.
[94]张浦阳.海上自升式钻井平台插/拔桩机理及新型桩靴静/动承载力研究[D].天津：天津大学.2008.
[95] Reed M.D., Fleming J.W., Williams B.A. Laboratory Evaluation of bicarbonatePowders as Fire Suppressants[R]. Navy Technology Center for Safety and Survivability, ADA379699/XAB,1997.
[96] Williams F.W., Back G.G. Post-Flashover Fires in Simulated Ship board DepartementsPhase. Venting of Large Ship board Fires[R]. Naval Research Lab, Rept No.N R L/MR/6180-93-7338,1993.
[97] Cole J.K., J.A., wix. Calculation of Ship board Fire Conditions[R]. Technology, SandiaNational Lab oratories(SNL), SAND99-1293J,1999.
[98] J.J.A. Tolloezko. Blast and fire: the engineering background[J]. Offshore TechnologyConference, OTC6633,1991:685-694.
[99] E.M.Donegan. The behaviour of offshore structures in fires[C]. Offshore TechnologyConference, OTC6637,1991:723-730P.
[100] N.K.Shetty, C.Guedes Soedes Soares, P.Thoft-Christensen. Fire safety assessment andoptimal design of passive fire protection for offshore structures[J]. Reliability Engineeringand System Safety.1998:139-149P.
[101] Y Anderberg. Computer methods for optimizing passive fire protection on offshoreplatforms[J]. Fire Safety Design,1991.
[102] S.Walker, Chunsheng Hu and J.R.Williams. Assessment of the blast resistance ofoffshore topsides Structures[C]. Offshore Technology Conference, OTC6636,1991.
[103] A.C. Vanden Berg and C.J.M. Van Wingerden. Numerical simulation of offshore gasexplosions[J]. Offshore Technology Conference, OTC6635,1991:705-711P.
[104]范维澄,孙金华,陆守香等.火灾风险评估方法学[M].北京：科学出版社,2004.
[105]董华,范维澄.船舶密闭舱室火灾过程及其模拟计算[J].计算力学学报.1998,15(1):80-85页.
[106]王志国,杨志青,冯明初.舰船大空间舱室火灾模拟及防火设计[J].海军工程大学学报.2003,15(4):42-44页.
[107]邹高万,刘顺隆,周允基.舱室火轰燃的大涡模拟[J].空气动力学学报,2006,24(1):10-14页.
[108]韩圣章,胡云昌.海洋平台气体泄漏爆炸对结构的作用分析[J].天津大学学报,2001.34(4):443-446页.
[109]李典庆,唐文勇,张圣坤.海洋工程风险接受准则研究进展[J].海洋工程.2003,21(2):96-102.
[110] Norwegian Technology Standards Institution. Risk and emergency preparednessanalysis[S]. Z-103,2001.
[111]牟善军.海上石油工程风险评估技术研究[D].青岛：中国海洋大学.2006.
[112]王高阳,唐文勇,张圣坤.人因综合安全评估(FSA)方法在海洋结构物事故中的应用研究[J].海洋工程.2005,23(4):78-84页.
[113]陈维杰.超强台风下固定式平台极限承载能力分析[D].青岛：中国海洋大学,2010.
[114]谢波涛,台风／飓风影响海区固定式平台设计标准及服役期安全度风险分析[D].青岛：中国海洋大学.2010.
[115]林一,胡安康,熊飞.自升式平台风载荷数值模拟与实验研究[J].水动力学研究与进展.2012,27(2):208-215页.
[116] American Bureau of Shipping. ABS rules for building and classing mobile offshoredrilling units2010, part3-hull construction&equipment[S], USA,2010.
[117]巩雪,翟钢军.深水半潜式平台风载荷体型系数风洞试验研究[J].中国海洋平台.2010,25(5):29-32页.
[118] MURAKMIS. Past, present and future of CWE: The view from1999[C]. WindEngineering into21st Century. Balkema,1999:91-104P.
[119]哈尔滨工程大学.自升式平台风载荷CFD分析研究[R].2011.
[120] J.E.Aguirre, T.R.Boyce. Estimation of Wind Force on Offshore Drilling Platforms[J].The Naval Architect,1974.
[121]胡佳锐.自升式平台结构可靠性研究[D].哈尔滨：哈尔滨工程大学.2012.
[122] SNAME. Recommended Practice for Site Specific Assessment of Mobile Jack-UpUnits, Technical&Research Bulletin5-5A[S]. SNAME,2002.
[123]稽春艳,李珊珊.导管架式海洋平台全寿命极限承载力计算研究[J].中国海洋平台.2009,24(6):36-40页.
[124]刘海丰.面向老龄平台延寿工程的结构风险评估技术研究[D].青岛：中国石油大学.2009.
[125]赵国藩.结构可靠度理论[M].中国建筑工业出版社.2000.
[126]张宝.海洋平台风险分析[D].南京：河海大学.2008.
[127] Jan Eric Vinnem. Offshore Risk Assessment[M]. London: Springer,2007.
[128] E.Pettersen, L.M.Soegaard. A study of a collision incident Evaluated againstRuling[C]. Offshore Technology Conference, OTC17156,2005.
[129] Roger L.Leonhardsen. Investigation of Big Orange ХVШ’s collision with Ekofisk2/4-W8June2009[R]. The Petroleum Safety Authority Norway,2009.
[130] Ship/platform collision incident database[R]. Research Report053, HSE,2001.
[131]林一,李陈峰,田明琦.船舶碰撞下自升式平台结构强度及主要撞击参数分析[J].哈尔比工程大学学报.2012,9:1067-1074页.
[132] Recommended Practice for Site Specific Assessment of Mobile Jack-Up Units,Technical&Research Bulletin5-5A[S]. SNAME, Rev.2,2002
[133] C.P.Ellinas, Mechanics of Ship/Jack-up Collisions[J]. Journal of Construct SteelResearch,1995,33:283-305P.
[134] J.P.Kenny. Protection of Offshore Installations Against Impact[M]. Department ofEnergy.1988.
[135]林一,熊飞,胡永利.典型海洋平台在位情况下碰撞分析及算例研究[J].中国海洋平台.2012,27(5):27-33页.
[136]胡永利.海洋平台结构碰撞分析及安全性研究[D].哈尔滨：哈尔滨工程大学.2012.
[137] Adrian Dier, Brian Carroll. Guidelines for jack-up rigs with particular reference tofoundation integrity[R]. Health&Safety Executive,2004.
[138]陈宏.桁架式自升式平台极限刺穿深度的计算[J].中国海洋平台.2011,26(1):44-51页.
[139] Fujii T, Kobayashi T, Tagaya K. Punch-through Encountered in India andIndonesia[C]. Offshore Technology Conference, Houston,1989:6124.
[140]戴兵,段梦兰,董楠.自升式钻井平台穿刺分析[J].科技导报.2010,28(17):63-66.
[141]孙东昌,潘斌.海洋自升式移动平台设计与研究[M].上海:上海交通大学出版社,2008.
[142]付丽娜.自升式钻井船桩靴承载能力研究[D].天津：天津大学.2008.
[143]张庆辉,吴天明.可移动式自升式钻井平台的插桩压载风险浅析[J].舰船科学技术.2010,32(2):125-128页.
[144]舒恒.离岸工程地基基础承载力研究[D].浙江：浙江大学.2009.
[145] M.S.Hossain, M.F.Randolph. Investigating Potential for Punch-Though for SpudFoundations on Layered Clays[C]. Proceedings of The Seventeenth International Offshoreand Polar Engineering Conference, ISOPE, Lisbon,2007:1510-1517页.
[146]杨海朋.模型参数指标对基础沉降的影响[J].工程勘察.2008，增刊(2):107-111页.
[147]张培文,陈祖煜.剪胀角对地基承载力的影响[J].岩土力学.2006,27(3):463-465页.
[148] L.Kellezi, H. Stromann. FEM analysis of jack-up spudcan penetration formulti-layered critical soil conditions[J]. Spudcan penetration, GEO, Denmark,2003.
[149]吴秋云,周扬锐,冯秀丽.自升式钻井船基础刺穿分析方法在渤海石油开发区的应用[J].海岸工程.1999,18(4):16-21页.
[150] Accident statistics for offshore units on the UK Continental Shelf1990-2007,Research Report Series. Report No.738[R]. London: Oil&Gas UK and Health&SafetyExecutive,2009.
[151]杨昆,孙世群,郭树松.道化法在火灾爆炸危险性评价中的应用[J].安徽化工.2007,33(3):39-41页.
[152] American Bureau of Shipping. ABS rules for building and classing mobile offshoredrilling units2010, part4-machinery&systems[S]. ABS,2010.
[153] Dow’s Fire&Explosion Index Hazard Classification Guide[S]. American Institute ofchemical Engineers, New York,1994.
[154]吉尚伟,张耀伟.道化学火灾、爆炸指数分析法在油库安全评价中的应用[J].辽宁化工.2009,38(7):503-506页.
[155]楼书含.基于FLUENT的体育馆建筑火灾烟气流动与控制研究[D].长沙:中南大学.2011.
[156]侯爱波,汪梦甫.建筑数值风洞的基础研究[J].湖南大学学报.2007,34(2):21-24页.
[157] Qingyan Chen. Comparison of different k-ε models for indoor airflow computation[J].Numerical Heat Transfer(Part B),1995,28:353-369P.
[158]常欣,郭春雨,王超等. Fluent船舶流体力学仿真计算工程应用基础[M].哈尔滨工程大学出版社,2011.
[159] Yakhot V. Orszag S. A. Renormalization group analysis of turbulence model Basictheory[J]. Journal of Scientific Computing,1986,1(1):39-51P.
[160]杨晖.地铁空间内空气与火灾烟气流动特性的数值研究[D].北京：北京交通大学.2010.
[161]刘美磊.石油化工行业典型火灾事故数值模拟研究[D].青岛：中国石油大学(华东).2011.
[162] Wen J X, Huang L Y. CFD Modeling of Confined Jet Fires Under VentilationControlled Conditions[J]. Fire Safety Journal,2000,34:1-24P.
[163]范维澄,孙金华,陆守香.火灾风险评估方法学[M].北京：科学出版社,2004.
[164]黄悦,杨立中,方伟峰等.火灾烟气危害性研究及其进展[J].中国工程科学.2002,4(7):80-85页.
[165]马骏驰.火灾中人群疏散的仿真研究[D].上海：同济大学.2007.
[166] Sax, N.I. Dangerous properties of industrial Materials[M]. New York: Van NostrandReinhold Co.,1984.