摘要
伴随经济金融化、金融全球化的快速发展,金融日益成为现代经济的核心。金融对现代经济增长的重要作用使得不了解金融系统运行的空间规律,就越来越难以真正理解区域经济的发展机制。金融空间系统研究既有助于更好地理解金融系统的功能和结构演化,也为揭示区域发展差异的形成和调控区域发展差异提供新的思路。
中国的金融空间系统形成于计划经济时代,改革开放以来的金融制度变迁不断冲击着计划经济体制下的金融地理模式。特别是20世纪90年代中期以来国有商业银行市场化改革的推进使我国银行业空间系统开始在一条新的路径上发展。在此过程中,银行业空间系统发生了那些变化?其对不同地方的发展产生了什么影响?本文试图对以上两个问题做出回答,并从中得出一些政策启示。
论文共包括八章。
第一章是绪论。阐述本文研究的选题背景和意义,研究尺度和时段选择,在已有研究基础上提出本文的研究思路、框架和方法。
第二章是基本概念探讨和相关研究综述。首先在金融、地理相关概念讨论基础上,对金融、货币研究是否要纳入地理空间要素的争论进行了辨析,认为在经济金融化、全球化、信息化的背景下,地理正成为理解金融系统演化的关键要素,对金融发展的研究必须关注其空间维度方面的变化。其次对金融发展理论和金融地理学关于金融系统及其与经济发展的研究文献进行综述。并特别分析了金融地理学领域,地理学和经济学在研究内容、研究方法、主要观点方面存在的差异。最后是本章的结论和研究启示。
第三章是区域金融空间系统及其与地方发展分析。以金融地理学、金融发展理论和区域经济学相关研究为基础,探讨了区域金融空间系统的概念、演化动力、演化趋势及其对不同地方发展的影响。区域金融空间系统指一定区域范围内金融系统各种组成要素在空间中的相互作用形成的空间结构,表现为金融机构和金融资本不同程度的空间集聚和分散。在金融放松管制、信息技术快速发展、全球化背景下,区域金融空间系统的演化表现出四种趋势:主流金融空间一体化,空间等级特征显著,粘性金融地方竞争激烈,另类金融空间形成与出现。从根本上、微观上说,是金融机构和金融资本对不同空间潜在利润的追逐导致区域金融空间系统的不断变化。同时区域金融空间系统还深受全球化、国家制度、信息技术进步、金融危机等宏观、外生因素的影响。区域金融空间系统作为一种宏观空间结构力量对不同地方的发展产生不同的影响,突出表现在流的空间对地方金融发展的“激励”和“滞缓”,信用获得和金融服务接近性对地方经济发展的影响。
第四章是制度变迁与中国银行业空间系统发展研究。由于中国经济的转轨性质,银行业空间系统的演化开始于制度变迁。按照银行机构网点的空间分布和信用区域分配模式可将我国银行业空间系统的演进划分为三个阶段:全国统一计划均衡银行空间时期,地方政府干预下的地区分隔阶段和20世纪90年代后期以来的市场一体化发展与金融空洞出现。与市场经济条件下金融空间系统的变化主要由各种市场力量推动的自下而上过程不同,中国银行业空间系统的变化是自政府的制度变迁开始的自上而下过程。
第五章对20世纪90年代以来中国银行业空间系统的变化进行实证分析。以第三章对金融空间系统的概念探讨为基础,选择相应变量,以中国大陆一级行政区为地域单元,运用地图分析技术和一些统计指标对20世纪90年代以来中国银行业空间系统的变化进行实证分析。发现东部地区国有商业银行网点份额显著上升,北京、上海在国有银行地理格局中的地位迅速提升,西部、中部地区下降;网点空间分布模式由计划走向市场,越来越与区域经济发展格局一致;但历史形成的空间模式依然存在。银行资产地理变化较大,信用流动性增强,信贷、存款地理越来越与区域经济发展格局不一致;向北京、上海金融中心城市集中趋势显著,金融中心效应突出。
第六章是省区银行业空间系统变化分析。以河南为研究案例,自不同银行机构网点的空间分布和存贷款地理变化两个方面分析20世纪90年代以来省区银行业空间系统的变化。研究表明,省内银行业空间系统比国家层面上的变化更大,突出表现为城市等级现象和空间极化发展。
第七章是银行业空间系统变化与区域金融发展分析。以河南126个县市为截面单元,采用面板数据分析技术,就金融发展与经济增长的关系进行实证分析。结果发现与金融发展理论预示的相悖,河南区域金融发展与区域经济增长呈负相关关系。本文从金融空间系统变化和商业银行的存款派生过程给予了解释。
第八章是结论与讨论。总结论文的主要发现、创新点、研究不足之处和进一步的研究方向。
Along with the speedy development of economy financializing and finance globalizing, finance increasingly becomes the core of modern economy. The important role of money and finance to modern economic growth make it difficult to understand regional economic development without comprehending financial system spatial operation. Financial spatial system research not only contribute to well understanding financial system function and structure evolution, but also provide new thinking about regional development difference formation and regulation.
Chinese financial spatial system shaped in planning economic regime age. Since Reform and Open, big change of financial system continually impacted the original financial geographical pattern. Especially, from the middles 1990s, Chine started a series of market-oriented banking reforms, which brought about banking spatial system great change. In this process, what changes did Chinese financial spatial system happen? How did these changes affect different local economy? This dissertation devotes to answer these two questions, and educe some policy inspiration.
This dissertation consists of eight chapters.
Chapter One is an introduction. It firstly analyzes the background and significance of financial spatial system research, the scale and period selection of this research, and then puts forward research train of thought and analytic framework based on existing studies.
Chapter Two is basic concepts discuss and literature review. After discussing the related terms about finance and geography concept, this chapter analyzes the debate on whether geography and space can bring into finance and currency research, puts forward geography is becoming a key element about financial system evolution, and spatial dimension change about financial development should be paid close attention. Next is related literature reviews,which mainly come from financial development theory and financial geography. In particular, the author contrasts geography and economics about financial geography research from main research issue, analyzing methods, main viewpoints. Last is this chapter’s conclusion and research inspires
Chapter Three discusses the concept of regional financial spatial system and its impact on local development, which constructs theory foundation for this research. Regional financial spatial system is defined as a spatial structure which formed by various financial elements interaction in an area. Under new economic background, such as deregulation, fast development of information technology, globalization, regional financial spatial system evolution takes on four trends, including mainstream financial space integration, spatial ranking character, increasing competition between sticky financial places, alternative financial space forming and appearing. Fundamentally speaking, it is the financial institute and financial capital pursues different spatial profit that drives regional financial spatial system evolution. But in contemporary era, financial spatial system development increasingly is driven by some macro, top-town factors, such as globalization, information technology, national financial regulation and financial crisis. As a macro spatial structure power, regional financial spatial system deeply affects different local development.
Chapter Four explores Chinese financial system change and banking spatial system development. Because of the transition character of Chinese economy, the change of banking spatial system begins from system change. According to banking branches spatial distribution and credit regional distribution pattern, Chinese banking spatial system experienced three development stages, national uniform planning banking space, regional division and market integration. Different from the international financial spatial system evolution, mainly as a bottom-to-top process driven by various powers, Chinese banking spatial system change started from government institution change, mainly as a top-to-bottom process.
Chapter Five analyzes Chinese banking spatial system changes since the 1990s. Adopting HI Index, HHI Index, the geographical association rate between regional banks related variables and regional GDP, the analysis indicates the change of different bank branches geography is different. State-owned commercial banks branch geography converged toward markets, Rural credit cooperatives and Postal savings banks’branches geographies have evident spatial balanced character according to population. Financial capital geography changed greater than financial service geography and credit liquidity grew; loan and deposit geography increasingly mismatched the regional economic pattern; Beijing and Shanghai, financial center centralization effect is notable. Banking spatial system changes improved banking operation efficiency, but these is great difference in financial service quality, financial service access and credit availability between different regions, which may reinforce regional development gap over the long term.
Chapter Six analyzes banking spatial system changes since 1990s in Henan province. From the angle of different bank institution, the analysis indicates that banking branch number dropped markedly and branch close pattern is close related with city rank. The higher city grade is, the less the branch closed. Different bank branch geography changed differently. State-owned commercial bank branch geography presented markedly centralized trend;Rural credit cooperatives branch tried to squeeze into city, running counter to its financial position, servicing rural region; Postal savings branch geography became more spatial balanced. Among the factors affecting bank branch distribution, regional population gross always is the most important factor, and the influences of regional economic development level and city rank are rising. In short, province region banking spatial system changed bigger than national banking spatial system. The notable characteristics are city rank phenomena and spatial polarization development.
Chapter Seven is positive analysis of Henan financial development and economic growth. The results indicate financial development is negatively related to economic growth. From banking spatial system changes and deposit derive process of commercial bank, this chapter explains the results.
Chapter Eight summarizes main findings in this dissertation, points the innovations and suggests the further researches in the future.
引文
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1河南银监局编.河南银监局监管统计年鉴,2006卷.
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