水污染公共安全事件信息扩散与耦合机理研究
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摘要
伴随着我国工业化进程的加快,我国自然环境状况总体不断恶化,全国范围内水资源状态恶化不断加剧,由此而导致的各类公共安全事件爆发频率越来越高,爆发的规模越来越大。虽然在《中华人民共和国突发事件应对法》实施后,随着我国各类应急预案的建立,政府投入大量的人力物力构建了较完整的应急体系,处理各类突发公共安全事件的能力在不断提升,但仍有不足。学术界对于水污染公共安全事件的关注仍在增加,希望通过对水污染公共安全事件的研究而改进和提升国家的应急能力。一个基本的观点是:对水污染公共安全事件内在机理的认知将有助于我们提升事件的应急管理能力。因此,本文期望通过对水污染公共安全事件耦合机理的研究,为水污染公共安全事件的人工干预提供理论基础。
     本文选题来自于国家自然科学基金项目《三峡库区水污染公共安全事件耦合机理研究》,以水污染公共安全事件为研究对象,将事件中的信息扩散作为研究的突破口,综合运用系统科学、复杂性科学、管理学、信息传播学等理论,结合预警与应急管理的最新理论、方法和结论,对水污染公共安全事件信息扩散与耦合问题进行分析,分析了水污染公共安全事件的信息结构和生成机制,建立了不同类型信息的扩散模型以及信息博弈模型;建立了基于信息扩散的水污染公共安全事件耦合动力机制模型;围绕水污染公共安全事件耦合这一主线,对水污染公共安全事件耦合因子进行分析,建立了水污染公共安全事件耦合度测度模型。
     界定了水污染公共安全事件及耦合的概念,并在此基础上分析了水污染公共安全事件的类型与特征,指出水污染公共安全事件由本体要素、行为主体要素、以及信息要素构成,并提出了水污染公共安全事件一般性阶段划分。
     对水污染公共安全事件的信息结构进行了深入分析。界定了水污染公共安全事件信息概念及其特征与分类,将水污染公共安全事件信息主体划分为应急决策者、应急执行者、承灾者和公众,并详细分析了正式信息和非正式信息的生成机制,其中包括信息生成的动因、环境、条件、基础和保障。
     无论正式信息还是非正式信息扩散都具有正负社会效应,基于此,从信息主体的价值观、信息接受者的知识结构以及信息的价值、信息扩散的渠道、技巧等方面分析了水污染公共安全事件信息扩散的影响因素,分别建立了了水污染公共安全事件中,正式信息和非正式信息的社会扩散模型。构建了应急决策者与应急执行者、应急决策者与承灾者共2个信息博弈模型,并分析了在信息扩散过程中各信息主体的行为选择。
     信息扩散孕育于耦合作用过程之中,信息扩散作为耦合因子参与耦合过程。‘水污染公共安全事件存在自然环境、政府管理和社会心理与行为等三大类耦合因子。根据这一耦合因子分类标准,本文描述了水污染公共安全事件的一般性演化路径以及基本的耦合模型。
     耦合因子与水体事件发生耦合作用,为行为主体所感知,并表现为行为变异和心理异常,此即是水污染公共安全事件的基本耦合概念模型。在此模型中,耦合因子与水体事件发生了耦合作用得益于最初的原始动力源的驱动作用,耦合作用的结果会以信息的形式扩散,并对动力源造成影响,以此发生循环反复。水污染公共安全事件的耦合动力源由自然力和社会力构成。其中,利益压力、信息势差和道德法律构成了水污染公共安全事件耦合的社会动力源。建立了水污染公共安全事件耦合因子与水体事件之间耦合作用关系的耦合度模型,并通过巴东县神农溪水华事件的案例进行实证分析,在一定程度上验证了该模型。
With China's industrialization process, the natural environment becomes deterioration constantly, and the deteriorating of water resources increases across the country sustainingly, which results in more and more public security events. After the implementation of The People's Republic of China Emergency Response Law, china has established various emergency plans, and expended a large amount of manpower and resources to build emergency response system. The emergency response capacity has been improved, but still is inadequate. The scholars pay attention to the water pollution public security events (WPPSE) greatly, and hope to improve and enhance the state's emergency response capacity through the researching water pollution public security events. The basic point is:the internal mechanism of WPPSE will help us to improve the emergency response capacity. Therefor, the author expects to provide theoretical basis for human intervention to water pollution public security events through the research of coupling mechanism.
     This paper comes from the National Natural Science Foundation project "study on coupling mechanism of water pollution public security events in three gorges reservoir area", takes water pollution public security events as the research object and takes the event information diffusion as a research breakthrough. The paper uses systems science, complexity science, management science, information communication and other theories with the latest theories, methods and conclusions of early warning and emergency management, to analyze information diffusion and coupling of water pollution public emergency events and establishes coupling dynamic mechanism model based on the information diffusion; analyzes WPPSE's coupling factors around the WPPSE's coupling, establishes a measurement model on the degree of coupling. This research defines the WPPSE and the concept of coupling of WPPSE, and analyzes the types and characteristics of WPPSE based on the definition. The research point out the WPPSE composes from main body elements, behavior elements and information elements. At last, the research proposes general Stages of WPPSE.
     The research analyzes WPPSE's information structure. First, the paper defines the concept of information structure, considers information main body makes up of the emergency decision makers, emergency executors, people suffering disaster and the public. Then, the paper detailed analyzes the formation mechanism of formal and informal information, including motivation, environment and conditions and so on.
     Information diffusion whether formal or informal information has positive and negative social effects. Based on this, the research analyzes information diffusion factors from the values of information agents, the recipient's knowledge structure, information value and the channels of information, techniques. And establishes formal and informal information diffusion model, constructs two information game model about the emergency response decision-makers and implementers, policy makers and the people suffering disaster and analyzes the selection behavior in information diffusion process.
     Information diffusion conceived in the process of coupling and information coupling factor involved in proliferation as the coupling process. Natural environment, government management and social psychology and behavior are the coupling factor in WPPSE. According to the classification of coupling factor, the paper describes the general evolution path of WPPSE and basic coupling model.
     Coupling factors and water pollution effect each other which perceived by actors, then it result in abnormal behavior and psychological variation. What mentioned above is the basic concept of coupling model. In this model, that coupling factors coupled with water pollution is due to the original power source. Coupling power source of WPPSE is nature and social forces. Among them, the pressure of interest, information potential difference and the moral law constitutes WPPSE's source of social power. At last, the paper establishes coupling degree model between the coupling factor and WPPSE, and gives an empirical analysis by Badong County by Shennongxi bloom events and proves validate the model to a certain extent.
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