腐殖酸提高烤烟品质和产量的机理研究
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摘要
1998-1999年,以不同用量腐殖酸作基肥施用,进行烤烟盆栽和大田试验,研究了腐殖酸在促进烤烟生长发育、提高产量和改善品质方面的作用机理,结果表明:
     腐殖酸对烤烟一系列生理活性有明显的促进作用。腐殖酸有效地提高叶绿素含量和光合速率;促进烤烟的光合作用,提高过氧化氢酶(CAT)、硝酸还原酶(NR)、抗坏血酸氧化酶、多酚氧化酶等一系列酶类活性,从而使烤烟生理代谢更趋活跃,生命活动和抗逆境能力得到提高;有效地控制烟草花叶病和黑胫病的感染;腐殖酸还可提高根系活力,增强根系的吸收和合成能力,促进烤烟根系旺盛生长,从而使烟株生长健壮,最终形成较高的品质和产量。
     腐殖酸可在一定程度上降低土壤pH值;提高土壤中有机质、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾含量;提高土壤中蔗糖酶、磷酸酶等酶类活性,从而改善土壤营养状况,提高土壤供肥能力,为烤烟营养和健壮生长创造了良好的土壤环境。
     大田生产条件下,在一定用量范围内,腐殖酸可明显提高烤烟的产量、上等烟比例和叶质重;有利于烟叶的钾、烟碱、香气物质的提高,并使烟叶内主要化学成分更趋协调和平衡,各项品质指标更趋合理。
     腐殖酸作为一种植物生长调节物质,其用量和作用效
    
     果并非呈线性正相关,在一定用量范围内,随腐殖酸用量
     的增加,对烤烟的作用效果更明显,但超过了一定范回,
     腐殖酸的作用效果反而会削弱,甚至出现负效应。
Experiments which had humic acid of several qualities as basic fertilizer of flue-cured tobacco in pot and field was carried out to study the effect mechanism of humic acid in promoting the development Quality and Yield of flue-cured tobacco. The result of two-year experiments indicted that:
    1. Humic acid had an obvious influence in promoting physiological activity of flue-cured tobacco. Humic acid Could improve photosynthetic capacity of tobacco, which causes photosynthetic rate and pigment content improvement, promotes the activity of some enzyme such as nitrate reductase, catelase ascorbic acid oxidase, and polyphenol oxidase in the body of flue-cured tobacco. Thus, humic acid made the physiological metabolism more active, raised the development and the ability of resisting adversity raised in tobacco body. As a result, the disease situation of tobacco mosaic and black shank was effectively controlled.
    2. Humic acid could reduce pH value of soil, increase the content of organic matter as well as available N,P,K and promote the activity of saccharase and phosphatase in soil related to soil fertility As a result, humic acid could improve the nutrient conditions in soil, increase the capacity of soil for supplying nutrients, and create a good soil microenvironment in which roots of tobacco could grow and absorb nutrients well.
    3.Humic acid absorbed by tobacco had an positive effect on enhancing
    
    
    respiration of root due to improvement of the activity of a series of important respiratory enzymes such as ascorbic acid oxidase and polyphenol oxidase thus casuing the root developing well, raising the dry weight volume and length of root. At the same time humic acid promoted the activity of root which stimulated the root absorbing capacity for more nutrients and increased the ability of compounding in root. As a result tobacco could grow well and form higher quality and yield of leaf eventually.
    4. Having inspected the economic index and analyzed the inter chemical compounds of cured tobacco, we can draw the conclusion that humic acid could promote the ratio of superior and middle class,unit leave weight,output value and yield of cured leaves. The contents of K, Nicotine and flavor precursor were also improved under the action of humic acid. Furthermore the important chemical elements were well-matched and balanced and all quality index were more reasonable in cured leaves by the treatment of humic acid. In the end, the flue-cured tobacco quality were improved.
    5. Compared the comprehensive results of three humic acid treatments applied in flue-cured tobacco, soil we could conclude that the B treatment was the best. This indicated that the effect made by humic acid was not positive correlation with the quantity of humic acid applied. There was a suitable range which humic acid could have best effect upon tobacco development, quality and yield .The good effect would reduce, and even show a negative effect if applied more quantity of humic acid in tobacco planting .
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