摘要
电弧产生、发展、熄灭过程的深入研究是对其进行有效控制的前题，对电弧产生的前因及影响电弧生成因素的深入探索表明，弧前抑弧调控是提升开断能力的有效途径。弧前过程是电弧存在的基础，在弧前过程中形成的微观粒子空间分布、能量分布、空间电荷作用下的动态电场分布及鞘层分布对稳态电弧能量起到决定性作用。弧前过程是一个小时、空尺度下的非线性、时变、非平衡过程，基于此，本文从微观角度出发，探求液态金属桥断裂后稳态电弧生成前带电粒子群的产生、发展及演变规律及物理本质，分析不同灭弧介质弧前过程的形成机理，讨论宏观因素对微观形成机理的影响，具体内容为：
（1）以非平衡态电离气体的基本方程玻尔兹曼方程为基础，创建弧前电子发展动态模型、带电离子运动模型、微观粒子碰撞模型，并提出基于粒子蒙特卡罗碰撞的求解方法。采用建立的数学模型，自编程仿真计算了单原子介质弧前过程，对比经典算例，验证算法准确性。通过对一维单原子介质的仿真计算，分析电子、离子运动对弧前过程的影响，研究鞘层和电离层形成过程。
（2）建立了简化二维真空断路器大电流开断下弧前过程仿真模型。以金属电离化气为研究对象，自编程仿真分析真空金属电离化气电弧产生的微观物理本质。求得了电子崩在金属电离化气中的发展过程、空间电荷密度分布、鞘层形成过程及空间电荷作用下的动态电场变化。从微观角度出发，解释大电流开断下，金属电离化气电弧形成前期电子聚集的主要原因；分析了开距、二次电子发射系数、开断电流、近极区电子碰撞等宏观参数对微观弧前过程影响的物理本质。
（3）根据场致电子发射理论和热电子发射理论，建立二维真空断路器小电流开断下弧前过程仿真模型。自编程仿真分析小电流开断过程中金属电离化气的产生及击穿过程，获得电极过程对小电流真空电弧产生的绝对影响。
（4）建立SF6电弧的动态弧前过程仿真模型，在模型中充分考虑多原子组成的SF6分子在弧前过程中激发、吸附、解离电离、粒子重组等不同物理化学变化。自编程计算分析空间电荷时空变化及对微观动态电场的影响；定量计算SF6电弧弧前过程中电子崩产生、发展时间及电子能量变化；获得SF6电弧形成初期等离子体内部运动情况。
The further study on the process of arc production, development and extinction is theprecondition for arc effective control. The further study on the arcing cause and the effectfactors show that suppressing and controlling before arc generating process is the effectivemethod to improve the breaking ability. The before-arc process is the base of arc existingand the space distributions of microscopic particles, energy distribution, dynamic electicfield strength distrbuiton and sheathe distribution have the key effects on the energy ofsteady-state arc. The before-arc process is a non-linear, time variation and non-equilibriumprocess in tiny time domain and space domain. So the formation, development andevolution of charged particles swarms and the physical essence of arc after liquid metalbridge disrupting and before stable arc generation and origination are researched in thisdissertation based on microscopic angle to explore the formation mechanism of thebefore-arc process of different arc extinguishing dielectric and the different factors thataffect their formation mechanism and parameters are also discussed. The specific contentsare as followings:
(1) A dynamic model consisiting of electron development, charged ion movement,microscopic particle collision is proposed based on the Boltzmann equation and the solvingmethod based on Particle in cell-Monte Carlo collision is utilized. Based on the equationsabove, the one-dimensional before-arc process of single-atomic structure dielectric issimulated by self-programmed codes. Compared with the classical example, the accuracyof the algorithm and self-programming is verified. By this model, the impacts of electronand ion motions on before-arc process are analyzed and the formation processes of sheatheand ionization layer are also acquired.
(2) The model of before-arc process in a simplified two-dimensional vacuum circuitbreaker when high current interruption is established in this dissertation. Metal vapor ischosen as the research object, microscopic physical essence of vacuum metal vapor arcgeneration is analyzed by self-programmed codes. The electron avalanche developmentprocess in metal vapor, the distribution of space charges density, the sheath formation process and the change of dynamic electric field by the space charge are obtained. Fromthe micro point of view, the main reason for the contraction of electron during the metalvapor arc formation prophase is explained in this dissertation. The physical essences thatthe effects on the microscopic before-arc process produced by the macroscopic parameterssuch as the opening range, secondary electron emission coefficient, interruption currentand electron collision at proximal region are analyzed.
(3) According to the field emission theory and the hot electron emission theory,According to the field emission theory and the hot electron emission theory, the model ofbefore-arc process in a simplified two-dimensional vacuum circuit breaker when smallcurrent interruption is established in this dissertation. The metal vapor generated in thesmall current breaking process and breakdown process are simulated by self-programmedcodes. The absolute effect of the electrode process on small current vacuum arc generatinghas already been obtained.
(4) The simulation model of polymolecule SF6is established by considering the elasticmomentum transfer, vibrational excitation, electron attachment, ionization and otherdifferent physical and chemical changes in before-arc process. The effects of spatial andtemporal variation on micro dynamic electric field are studied further by self-programmedcodes. The avalanche producing and development time and changes in the electron energyof SF6fore-arc are quantitatively calculated in this dissertation and the plasma internalmovement of SF6arc formation stage has also been obtained.
引文
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