芸薹种与甘蓝种杂交获得新种质的研究
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摘要
远缘杂交是对作物进行遗传改良的重要途径。通过远缘杂交获得的种、属间异源双二倍体既是人工创建的新材料,又是进一步获得异附加系、异代换系和易位系的重要桥梁。芸薹种(Brassicarapa)和甘蓝种(Brassica oleracea)同属十字花科芸薹属,这两个种的蔬菜都各有优点。芸薹种蔬菜包括大白菜、不结球白菜、芜菁等多个变种,甘蓝种蔬菜包括结球甘蓝、花椰菜、芥蓝、青花菜等多个变种。为了获得新的种质资源,为芸薹种和甘蓝种种质创新和遗传研究奠定基础,本研究选择了芸薹种里面有代表性的大白菜和菜薹(菜心),甘蓝种里面有代表性的结球甘蓝、青花菜和芥蓝为试验材料,运用蕾期授粉结合胚挽救技术获得了菜薹与青花菜、大白菜与紫甘蓝、菜薹与芥蓝的种间杂种,并对获得的杂种F1及回交后代材料进行了植物学性状调查、杂种育性分析及普通细胞学研究。主要结果如下:
     1.大白菜与紫甘蓝杂交,大白菜做母本时获得2粒种子,利用胚珠培养获得57株幼苗,经细胞学鉴定和花粉特性调查,2株种子苗和4株胚挽救幼苗体细胞具有20条染色体,为假杂种,其余53株杂交种中,47株具有预期的染色体数目,2n=19,为真杂种,花粉败育;6株发生了染色体的自然加倍,具有38条染色体,为种间异源双二倍体,花粉可育。紫甘蓝做母本时获得1粒种子,胚挽救获得7株幼苗,经细胞学鉴定和花粉特性调查,获得的1株种子苗和6株胚挽救幼苗具有19条染色体,为真杂种,花粉败育;1株胚挽救幼苗具有38条染色体,花粉可育。正反交中不同的杂交组合获得真杂种的概率不同,杂种获得率与母本基因有关。
     2.菜薹与芥蓝田间直接授粉杂交,以菜薹为母本能获得少量种子,以芥蓝为母本没有得到种子。利用胚珠培养,以菜薹为母本的正交组合获得了69株幼苗,经细胞学鉴定及花粉特性调查,其中62株具有预期的染色体数目,2n=19,为真杂种,花粉败育;2株发生了染色体的自然加倍,具有38条染色体,花粉可育。以芥蓝为母本的反交组合获得了16株幼苗,经细胞学鉴定和花粉特性调查,其中13株具有19条染色体,为真杂种,花粉败育,没有发现自然加倍单株的存在。
     3.不育的菜薹—芥蓝杂种F1经秋水仙素处理后,染色体加倍,恢复育性。研究发现,不同的秋水仙素处理方式直接影响加倍的效果,剪根处理后变异率较不剪根处理低,0.4%的秋水仙素浓度处理18h和0.2%的秋水仙素浓度处理40h时,植株变异率较高。加倍单株大部分表现为嵌合体。
     4.菜薹—青花菜、大白菜—紫甘蓝、菜薹—芥蓝杂种F1综合性状介于双亲之间。自然加倍形成的可育的异源双二倍体AACC自交并与母本回交分别获得了杂种F2和回交BC1植株。杂种F2植株田间性状分离;BC1植株综合性状偏向母本,同样存在性状分离。芸薹种与甘蓝种杂交获得的三个不同来源的种间异源双二倍体AACC在形态上差异较大,菜薹—青花菜异源双二倍体和菜薹—芥蓝异源双二倍体在形态上较相似。
     5.在菜薹—青花菜异源双二倍体和异源三倍体减数分裂过程中均观察到异常的染色体行为,有落后染色体和染色体桥存在。菜薹—青花菜异源三倍体花粉母细胞减数分裂后期Ⅰ染色体不均等分离,有15/14、16/13等多种分离方式,其中15/14分离所占的比例最高,达38.73%;后期Ⅱ两极的染色体分离有多种方式,有的均等分离,有的不均等分离,最终形成具有不同染色体数目的的配子。
     6.利用流式细胞仪和核型分析相结合的方法,在菜薹—青花菜回交BC2中筛选到2个单体异附加系和1个双单体异附加系。单体异附加系AA-C6附加了青花菜的6号染色体,浅黄色花,育性低,自交能获得少量种子;单体异附加系AA-C8附加了青花菜的8号染色体,黄色花,可育;双单体异附加系AA-C4-C7附加了青花菜的4号染色体和7号染色体,淡黄色花,不育。
Distant hybridization plays an important role in crop genetic improvements. The allotetraploidsobtained by the way of distant hybridization between different species or genus were not onlyartificially created breeding materials but also provided a basis for further creating alien addition lines,alien substitution lines and translocation lines. Brassica rapa and Brassica oleracea are importantspecies of the genus Brassica and they have their respective advantages. B.rapa including B.rapa L. ssp.pekinensis, B.rapa L. ssp. chinensis and B.rapa L. ssp. rapifera, etc. B.oleracea including B.oleraceavar. capitata, B.oleracea var. botrytis L., B.oleracea var. alboglabra and B.oleracea var. italica, etc. Inorder to obtain new germplasm resources and build a basic for germplasm inovation and genetic study,interspecific hybridization between B.rapa and B.oleracea were carried out. In this study, B.rapapekinensis and B.rapa chinensis var. utilis of B.rapa, and B.oleracea var. capitata, B.oleracea var.italica and B.oleracea var. alboglabra of B.oleracea were used as research materials. The hybrids ofB.rapa chinensis var. utilis×B.oleracea var. italica, B.rapa pekinensis×B.oleracea var. capitata andB.rapa chinensis var. utilis×B.oleracea var. alboglabra were obtained by bud pollination and ovuleculture. The characters of hybrids F1and BC1plants, the pollen fertility and the chromosomecomponents were investigated. The main results and conclusions are as follows:
     1. In the general hybridization between B.rapa pekinensis and B.oleracea var. capitata, when B.rapapekinensis were used as female parents, two seeds were obtained. By embryo rescue,57hybridplants were obtained. The number of chromosomes of2seedlings and57hybrids were investigatedand the results revealed that2seedlings and4embryo rescued plants had twenty chromosomes,they were false hybrids.47of the embryo rescued plants had the anticipated chromosomes (2n=19)and the pollen fertility was aborted;6of the hybrids had38chromosomes and the plants werefertile. In the reciprocal cross, one seed and7embryo rescued plants were obtained and thechromosome number and pollen characters were also surveyed. The results showed that theseedling and6embryo rescued plants were real hybrids, they had19chromosomes and the fertilitywas aborted. One embryo rescued plants had38chromosomes and it was fertile. Thecrossing-compatibilities were different between different cross combinations and the probability ofhybrids was related to genotyle of female parents.
     2. In the general hybridization between B.rapa chinensis var. utilis and B.oleracea var. alboglabra,few seeds were obtained in the direct cross combination, but no seeds were obtained in thereciprocal cross combination. When B.rapa chinensis var. utilis were used as female parent,69hybrid plants were obtained. By cytological identification and investigation of pollen characters, itshowed that62of them had the anticipated chromsomes (2n=19) and the pollen fertility wasaborted;2of the hybrids had38chromosomes and the plants were fertile. However, in thereciprocal cross combination, only16hybrid plants were obtained,13of them had19chromosomesand they were sterile, no naturally doubling plants were founded.
     3. The different concentrations of colchicine were used to treat sterile hybrids F1between B.rapa chinensis var. utilis and B.oleracea var. alboglabra. The results showed that the frequency ofchromosome doubling was directly affected by the methods of colchicine treating. The variationrates of root pruned plants were lower than the normal plants. The treatment of root with0.4percentof colchicine solution for18hours and0.2percent of colchicine solution for40hours produced thebest results of chromosome doubling. The plants with doubled chromosomes were chimera andonly few flowers were fertile.
     4. The hybrids F1of B.rapa chinensis var. utilis×B.oleracea var. italica, B.rapa pekinensis×B.oleracea var. capitata and B.rapa chinensis var. utilis×B.oleracea var. alboglabra had manycharacteristics from both parents. The BC1plants were obtained through back cross between fertilehybrids F1and the female parents. Most characters of hybrids F2and BC1plants separating in thefield and the BC1plants were similar to female parents. Large differences of morphologicalcharacters were observed among three kinds of allotetraploids obtained by different ways. Theallotetraploids of B.rapa chinensis var. utilis×B.oleracea var. italica and B.rapa chinensis var.utilis×B.oleracea var. alboglabra had many common features.
     5. The process of meiosis of the allotetraploid and allotriploid between B.rapa chinensis var. utilis andB.oleracea var. italica was investigated by general cytology methods. Abnormal behaviors ofchromosomes in the process of meiosis were observed, such as chromosomes lagging andchromosomes bridge. The chromosome distribution at anaphase Ⅰwas unbalanced, having15/14,16/13and so on, the separation of15/14had the highest proportion with38.73percent.Chromosomes separated equally or unequally at anaphase Ⅱ and finally produced gametes withdifferent chromosomes.
     6. The backcross BC1between allotriploid and B.rapa chinensis var. utilis were used as materials inthis study. Two monosomic alien addition lines and one double monosomic alien addition line wereidentified by flow cytometry and karyotype analysis. The monosomic alien addition line namedAA-C6(B.rapa chinensis var. utilis with chromosome6from B.oleracea var. italica) had lightyellow flowers and low fertility, but can produce few seeds by selfing. The monosomic alienaddition line named AA-C8(B.rapa chinensis var. utilis with chromosome8from B.oleracea var.italica) had yellow flowers and fertile. The double monosomic alien addition line named AA-C4-C7(B.rapa chinensis var. utilis with chromosome4and chromosome7from B.oleracea var. italica)had light yellow flowers and sterile.
引文
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