摘要
岩浆镍铜硫化物矿床是金属硫化物与硅酸盐岩浆不混溶的结果。从硅酸盐岩浆中分离的亲硫元素，进入镁铁或超镁铁岩浆中的硫化物液滴，这些硫化物液滴与镁铁质或超镁铁质岩浆发生熔离和聚集，从而形成了岩浆镍铜（铂）硫化物矿床。世界主要岩浆铜镍硫化物矿床是板内岩浆作用的结果，多集中在稳定克拉通边缘、裂谷环境及地幔柱活动区域。在地质形成历史上，从太古代至古生代均有产出。中国岩浆镍铜硫化物矿床主要发育于元古宙和晚古生代而呈鲜明的时代特色，其他时代少有发现和报道。这些岩浆镍铜硫化物矿床主要集中在稳定克拉通边缘和造山带中，本应板内环境的矿床为何发育在造山带中，仅仅是因为造山带中的矿床被暴露出来吗？金川是世界上第三大岩浆镍铜硫化物矿床，是大规模岩浆作用的结果。同期大规模的岩浆作用可能波及更大的范围，祁连山、柴北缘、阿尔金山都有可能发育镍铜矿化的镁铁-超镁铁岩体。无独有偶，与金川矿床所在的龙首山遥相呼应的南祁连造山带，产出有化隆镁铁-超镁铁岩带，该岩带长约160Km，宽10~30Km，呈西窄东宽的楔形夹持于拉脊山南缘断裂与青海南山断裂之间。其间侵位于化隆岩群中的镁铁-超镁铁岩体伴有不同程度的镍铜矿化，甚至达到了中小型矿床规模，可见为一较重要的镍铜矿化带。
论文选择化隆岩带内的裕龙沟、拉水峡、亚曲、下什堂等镁铁-超镁铁岩体为研究重点，突出岩石学和地球化学的研究方法，利用岩浆源区性质和演化过程，开展岩浆与围岩及硫化物熔离机制的刻画剖析，探讨岩浆成矿作用。取得主要进展与成果如下：
（1）青海省化隆岩带内的镁铁-超镁铁岩体均无一例外地侵入到化隆地块的化隆岩群中。化隆岩群是一套以石英岩、黑云石英片岩、二云母片岩、石英片岩、角闪片岩、黑云斜长片麻岩、混合片麻岩和混合岩为主体，变质程度较深的中-深变质岩系。带内含矿岩体基本都由镁铁质-超镁铁质岩石构成，主要造岩矿物有橄榄石、辉石、斜方辉石、单斜辉石、斜长石、角闪石及黑云母等等。含矿岩相多数为辉长-苏长岩、辉石岩以及橄榄岩相。
（2）首次精确测定了化隆岩群的形成时代，数据集中于893Ma与919Ma两个峰值，且存在1000~1600Ma的古老锆石。其内斜长角闪岩具有轻稀土元素富集、Nb-Ta不亏损特征，与典型OIB具有相对亏损高场强元素（如Th、Nb）的特征不同，而在大地构造环境判别图上又落入了板内玄武岩区。这些反映了化隆群原岩来源于软流圈地幔交代大陆岩石圈地幔的熔融源，可能属于Rodinia超大陆在新元古代汇聚中局部裂解或者Rodinia超大陆整体上汇聚没有完成，局部就开始裂解的产物。
（3）利用ID-TIMS和LA-ICP-MS方法，首次获得了化隆岩带内镁铁-超镁铁岩体的精确结晶年龄。亚曲辉长岩（09YQ-01）和裕龙沟角闪辉石岩（09YL-01）利用ID-TIMS获得锆石U-Pb年龄分别为440.74±0.33Ma (MSWD=1.1)和442.4±1.6Ma(MSWD=0.59)。下什堂辉橄岩（XST-01）和阿什贡辉橄岩（ASG-01）样品通过LA-ICP-MS获得锆石U-Pb年龄分别为449.8±2.4Ma (MSWD=0.31)和436.1±1.2Ma（MSWD=0.13）。这四个年龄数值较为接近，共同约束了此岩带镁铁质杂岩体的形成时限。
（4）青海省化隆岩带内的镁铁质杂岩体的m/f值多集中在1.1、3.0和1.53，介于1～3.5之间，属于铁质系列。稀土元素的球粒陨石和微量元素的原始地幔蛛网图表现出轻稀土元素相对富集、负Eu异常及Nb-Ta负异常，几乎所有样品都有Zr-Hf负异常。富集大离子亲石元素（Sr、Rb、Ba）以及相对亏损高场强元素（Nb、Ta、Hf、Zr）。表现出了岛弧岩浆作用的地球化学特点。
（5）化隆地区镁铁质杂岩体的Nd和Sr同位素组成变化很大，这暗示岩浆体系在演化过程中可能是开放的。稀疏浸染状矿石硫化物的187Os/188Os初始比值介于0.29~2.19之间，相对幔源矿床的187Os/188Os初始比值较高，又低于壳源矿床的187Os/188Os初始比值，可能混染了较多的壳源物质。γOs值越表现为大的正值且变化范围较大（+80~+1183），连同普遍存在的Nb、Ta亏损，进一步说明可能也与地壳同化混染密切相关。
（6）地球化学特征表明带内杂岩体的母岩浆来自一个曾被交代富集的地幔源区，其εNd(t)=-7.74～+8.36，这些共同表明其岩浆源区应该位于软流圈地幔，并混有一部分被俯冲板片交代的地幔楔物质。而这种交代富集事件显然与祁连、柴北缘在早古生代期间大规模的板片俯冲有关。由于俯冲带熔/流体对地幔楔交代富集事件的时间与该富集地幔发生熔融的时间相隔较近，致使化隆地区镁铁质杂岩体虽然具有富集的微量元素特征，但未遭受同化混染的样品却基本保持了亏损地幔的同位素性质。
（7）在Th/Yb对Nb/Yb的协变图中，化隆岩带内镁铁质杂岩体位于MORB-OIB线的上方，落入现代岛弧玄武岩区域。在化隆岩带北邻的拉脊山，亦产出有440-450Ma的镁铁-超镁铁侵入体和同时期花岗岩，进一步揭示拉脊山小洋盆最终于450Ma闭合。此时的化隆地块，处于拉脊山小洋盆和柴北缘洋完全俯冲闭合转为碰撞造山阶段，岩浆在后碰撞的伸展部位上侵而形成了化隆岩带的镁铁-超镁铁岩体。化隆群富硅地层为硫化物的不混溶创造了同化混染的条件，并最终导致富硅物质的加入，致使岩浆中硫化物的不混溶作用发生，从而可形成不同品位不同类型的岩浆铜镍硫化物矿床。
Magmatic nickel-copper-PGE sulfide deposits form as the result of the segregation andconcentration of droplets of liquid sulfide from mafic or ultramafic magma and thepartitioning of chalcophile elements into these from the silicate magma.Magmatic sulfidedeposits fall into two major groups when considered on the basis of the value of theircontrained metals,one group in which Ni,and,to a lesser extent,Cu,are the most valuableproducts and a second in which the PGE are the most important. The magmatic Ni-Cu sulfidedeposits were the results from intraplate magmatism in the world,and concentrated in themargin of stable craton, rift environment and mantle plume activity region,from Archean toPaleozoic in formation geological history. In China,the magmatic Ni-Cu sulfide deposits werefocused on Proterozoic and late Paleozoic,but seldom other ages.These deposits were fosteredin the margin of stable craton and orogenic belt,but these magmatic Ni-Cu sulfide depositswere supposed to intraplate environment,why growed in orogenic belt,only because thedeposits from orogenic belt exposed? Jinchuan magmatic Ni-Cu sulfide deposit from Gansuprovince in China,the third largest deposit,was the result of very very large-scalemagmatism.The contemporaneous large-scale magmatic event may sweep more greaterarea,such as Qilian mountains,north margin of Qaidam basin and Arkin orogenic belt,thesearea maybe grow many mafic-ultramafic intrusions and mineralization. It is not unique,andsouth Qilian mountains with that of Longshoushan mountains containing Jinchuandeposit,developed Hualong mafic-ultramafic intrusions belt,its distribution nearly NW andabout length160Km,width10~30Km,was located in the middle part of the south margin ofLajishan mountains fault and fault of southern Qinghai mountains showing a wedge bodywith narrow west and wide east.The mafic-ultramafic intrusions that emplaced into Hualonggroup had different degree Ni-Cu mineralization,and even formed middle-small scaledeposits,therefore,it is a more important Ni-Cu mineralization belt in Qinghai province.
The paper selected the Yulonggou, Lashuixia, Yaqu and Xiashentang intrusions of Hualongmafic-ultramafic belt for study, focused on the mineral deposit, petrology and geochemistry,through the depth research by the magma source and the characteristic of primary magma, theevolution process of magma, and the material exchange between with the magma andsurrounding rocks, the segregation mechanism of sulfide, and discuss the mineralization anddepth process of magmatic sulfide deposits in South Qilian mountains. The main results asfollowing:
(1) All of mafic-ultramafic intrusions of Hualong rocks belt in Qinghai province intruded into Hualong rocks group of Hualong massif,and Hualong rocks group was a suit ofmiddle-deep metamorphic rock series,including quartzite,biotite quartz schist,muscovite andbiotite schist,quartz schist,hornblende schist,biotite plagioclase gneiss,compound gneiss andmigmatite.Ore-bearing intrusions from Hualong belt were made of mafic-ultramafic rocks,andits rock-forming minerals composed of olivine, augite, orthorhombic pyroxene, clinopyroxene,plagioclase, hornblende and biotite,and so on.Ore-bearing lithofacies were basicly gabbronorite,pyroxenite and peridotite, with intense alteration.
(2) The forming age of Hualong rocks group was precisely determined firstly,the datafocused on893Ma and919Ma,and accompanied by ancient zircons of1000~1600Ma.Theamphibolites of Hualong group showed enriched LREE,undepleted Nb-Ta,it similared to traceelements distribution model and characteristic elements ratio,but different with relativedepleted high field strength elements(Th,Nb) of typical OIB,and belonged to intraplatecontinental basalt in the tectonic environment discrimination diagram.All of these reflectedthe original rock of amphibolites in Hualong group originated from melting source thatasthenosphere mantle metasomatic continental lithosphere mantle,it maybe belong to localcracking products of superlarge continent during convergence of Rodinia,or the superlargecontinent Rodinia's convergence had not finished in the whole and the local begined cracking.
(3) We obtained firstly crystallization ages of mafic-ultramafic intrusions in Hualong rocksbelt from Yaqu,Yulonggou,Xiashentang and Ashengong by ID-TIMS and LA-ICP-MS,theages were respectively440.74±0.33Ma (MSWD=1.1),442.4±1.6Ma (MSWD=0.59),449.8±2.4Ma (MSWD=0.31) and436.1±1.2Ma（MSWD=0.13）,commonly constrainting theformation time limitation of mafic complex.
(4) The m/f ratio of mafic complex in Hualong rocks belt,Qinghai province,was focused on1.1,1.53and3.0,mostly1～3.5,belonging to ferruginous series mafic complex.They showedrelative enriched LREE,negative Eu and Nb-Ta anomaly,and almost negative Zr-Hf anomalyfrom spider diagram of chondrited REE and primitive mantle trace elements.And they had thecharacteristics of enriched large ionic lithophile elements(Sr,Rb,Ba) and relative depletedhigh field strength elements(Nb,Ta,Hf,Zr).All of these revealed geochemical characteristics ofarc magmatism.
(5) The Nd and Sr isotopic composition changed greatly,suggesting open magma systemduring evolution.The initial ratio of187Os/188Os from sulfide of sparse disseminated ore was0.29~2.19,higher than that of mantle source deposits,but lower than that of crustaldeposits,maybe have more crustal contamination.The ratio of γOswas+80~+1183,together with ubiquitous depleted Nb and Ta,explaining furtherly the close relationship with crustalcontamination.
(6) Geochemical characteristics showed that parent magma originated from mantle sourcemetasomatic enriched once,and its εNd(t) ratio was-7.74～+8.36,these suggesting the magmasource should had been located in asthenospheric mantle region that contaminated by mantlewedge material with subduction plate metasomatism.This metasomatic enriched event wasrelated with large scale plate subduction at early Paleozoic in Qilian mountains and northmargin of Qaidam basin.
(7) On the covariant diagram of Th/Yb vs Nb/Yb,the mafic complex within Hualong rocksbelt was located in the above at the line of MORB-OIB,and falled into the region of modernisland arc basalt.Lajishan mountains,northern adjacent area of Hualong rocks belt,had manymafic-ultramafic intrusions with the age of440-450Ma and coeval granite,it furtherlyrevealed the close time on the Lajishan small ocean basin was about450Ma.Meanwhile,theHualong massif was at the orogenic stage after closing completely of Lajishan small oceanbasin and north margin of Qaidam basin ocean,the magma intruded into the position thatbelonged to postcollisional extension and formed the mafic-ultramafic intrusions of Hualongrocks belt.The riched silicon strata of Hualong rocks group created the condition ofassimilation and contamination for sulfide immiscibility,finally caused the addition on theriched silicon material,occurred the sulfide immiscibility,and last formed the different grademagmatic Ni-Cu sulfide deposits in Hualong rocks belt,Qinghai province.
引文
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