摘要
本研究通过2次种鸡饲养试验及2次后代肉鸡饲养试验,考察了不同维生素组合对青脚麻肉种鸡繁殖性能和后代肉鸡生产性能的影响,选定了种鸡和肉鸡饲粮维生素较适宜添加水平。维生素组合包括种鸡组合A、B、C、D和E；肉鸡组合包括组合I(NRC水平)、Ⅱ(中等水平)和Ⅲ(高水平,帝斯曼推荐的肉鸡优选维生素水平)。其中,组合E为帝斯曼公司推荐肉种鸡优选维生素水平；组合A中除VD3和VK3外,其余维生素水平均低于组合E；组合B是在A的基础上按照组合E中的水平添加Hy.D(25-OHD3)；组合C是A的基础上按照E中的水平补加VB1、VB12、叶酸和生物素；而组合D是在组合A的基础上按照E中的水平同时添加Hy.D和补加VB1、VB12、叶酸及生物素。
试验一饲粮维生素组合对54-69周龄青脚麻肉种鸡生产性能、种蛋质量及雏鸡质量的影响
通过16周饲养试验考察了在饲粮中添加两种维生素组合对54-69周龄青脚麻肉种鸡生产性能、蛋品质、种蛋受精率、孵化率、种鸡及后代雏鸡血清MDA水平的影响。两种维生素组合分别是组合A和E。结果如下：(1)两个水平的维生素对种鸡生产性能和孵化性能没有影响；(2)组合A提高了蛋壳厚度(P=0.07)、蛋黄颜色(P<0.05)和蛋型指数(P<0.05)。哈夫单位(P<0.001)、蛋型指数(P<0.05)和蛋白高度(P<0.001)61周龄时高于69周龄时,而蛋黄颜色(P<0.001)在69周龄时高于61周龄时。维生素添加水平和周龄对蛋型指数的影响有交互效应(P<0.05)。组合A 69周龄时种鸡(P<0.001)和后代雏鸡(P<0.05)血清丙二醛水平显著低于组合E组。结论：54-69周龄青脚麻肉种鸡饲粮添加维生素组合A较为适宜。
试验二种鸡及肉鸡饲粮维生素组合对青脚麻肉鸡生产性能、屠宰性能及健康的影响
本试验采用2×3因子试验设计,研究两种母源维生素组合(A和E)与三种后代维生素组合(Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ)对后代肉鸡生产性能、血液抗氧化指标、屠宰性能、胴体组成及胫骨钙磷等指标的影响。试验设6个处理,每个处理6个重复、每个重复16只肉鸡,公母各半,试验期70d。结果是(1)生产性能：种鸡饲粮添加维生素组合A的肉鸡在50-70 d及0-70d的AFI比组合E分别提高4.24%(P<0.01)和2.40%(P<0.05),而F/G提高了0.16(P<0.01)和0.04(P=0.065),各阶段及全期BWG两个母源维生素组没有显著差异；饲粮中添加维生素组合Ⅲ的肉鸡50-70d及0-70d的BWG比组合Ⅰ提高了6.28%(P<0.05)和3.16%(P<0.05),50-70d的AFI比组合Ⅰ提高了5.11%(P<0.01),F/G各阶段及全期不受肉鸡各饲粮维生素组合的影响；种鸡和肉鸡饲粮维生素组合对肉鸡50-70 d及0-70d的BWG有交互影响,而对AFI和FCR的交互影响只在50-70d阶段。0-70d的BWG和AFI最佳组为A+Ⅲ组(即：母源添加组合A而肉鸡添加组合Ⅲ),而FCR最佳组为E+Ⅲ组。(2)屠宰性能和胴体组成：种鸡和肉鸡饲粮维生素组合均不影响公鸡屠宰性能和胴体组成；母源A组母鸡屠宰率比E组显著提高了1.37%(P<0.05)；肉鸡饲粮维生素组合Ⅱ全净膛率显著比组合Ⅰ和Ⅲ分别提高了3.75%和3.51%(P<0.05),而腹脂率比组合Ⅰ降低25.29%(P=0.052)；母鸡最佳全净膛和最低腹脂率组为A+Ⅱ组,最高翅膀率为E+Ⅲ组。(3)血清抗氧化指标：母源维生素组合对肉鸡70d血清GSH-Px和SOD活性及MDA的水平没有显著影响,肉鸡饲粮维生素组合Ⅲ的公鸡血清GSH-Px活性比组合Ⅰ提高了31.11%(P<0.05),MDA水平则降低了40.06%(P<0.05)；公鸡血清GSH-Px活性最高组为A+Ⅲ组,而最低MDA组为E+Ⅲ组。母鸡血清GSH-Px活性受母体和肉鸡饲粮维生素水平的交互影响,活性最高组为A+Ⅲ组。(4)肉鸡70d免疫器官指数不受母源和肉鸡饲粮维生素组合及其交互作用的影响。(5)母鸡胫骨钙磷含量受母体和肉鸡饲粮维生素水平交互影响,最高为A+Ⅰ组。结论：种鸡饲粮添加维生素组合A而后代肉鸡添加组合Ⅲ的青脚麻肉鸡有较优的生产性能和抗氧化性能。
试验三饲粮维生素组合对43-60周龄青脚麻肉种鸡生产性能、种蛋及雏鸡质量的影响
通过18周饲养试验考察了饲粮添加5种维生素组合(A、B、C、D和E)对43-60周龄青脚麻肉种鸡生产性能、种蛋及后代雏鸡质量的影响。结果是：(1)种鸡生产性能各维生素组合之间没有显著差异。(2)46wk种蛋受精率,组合C显著高于组合B(P<0.05)。(3)受精蛋孵化率,46wk时组合C显著高于组合D(P<0.05)；50wk时组合A、B和C显著高于组合D(P<0.05)；54wk时,组合B极显著高于组合E(P<0.01),显著高于组合D(P<0.05),而组合A和C也显著高于组合E(P<0.05)；全期平均来看,仅发现组合C显著高于组合D(P<0.05)。而入孵蛋孵化率仅在46wk时组合C显著高于组合A、B和D(P<0.05)。(4)健雏率各维生素组合组之间无显著差异。(5)后代雏鸡出生重,50wk时组合C显著高于其他4组(P<0.05),54wk时组合组合C极显著高于组合A和D(P<0.01),而显著高于组合E(P<0.05)。(6)种鸡血清中MDA水平组合B最低,分别比组合C、D和E降低了46.46%(P<0.05)、40.55%(P<0.05)和25.32%(P<0.05)；后代雏鸡1d血清MDA水平各组合间无显著差异；蛋黄中MDA水平组合B最低,组合E最高,组合B分别比组合A、C、D和E降低了31.05%(P<0.05)、31.59%(P<0.05)、30.40%(P<0.05)和50.54%(P<0.01),而组合A、C和D分别比组合E降低了28.27%(P<0.05)、27.70%(P<0.05)和28.94%(P<0.05)。(7)雏鸡胫骨钙含量组合C最低,极显著低于组合B(P<0.01),显著低于组合A、D和E,磷含量也是组合C最低,显著低于其他4个组合(P<0.05)。结论：综合各指标来看,在种鸡饲粮组合A基础上补加VB1、VB12、叶酸和生物素的组合C提高了种蛋质量和雏鸡出生重,而在组合A基础上添加Hy.D的组合B降低了种鸡血清和蛋黄中MDA水平,提高了雏鸡胫骨钙磷含量。
试验四肉鸡和种鸡饲粮维生素组合对肉鸡0-28d生产性能、免疫性能及胫骨钙磷含量的影响
本试验采用5×2因子试验设计,研究5种母源维生素组合(A、B、C、D和E)和后代饲粮维生素缺乏与否对肉鸡生产性能、免疫器官指数、血清ND抗体滴度及胫骨钙磷含量等指标的影响。试验设10各处理,每个处理6个重复,每个重复10只肉鸡。结果是：(1)生产性能：经主效应分析,肉鸡饲粮维生素组合Ⅰ提高了0-28d个阶段及全期的BWG(P<0.01)和AFI(P<0.01),降低了8-28d和全期的F/G(P<0.01),而母源维生素处理对0-28d及全期的BWG、AFI和F/G没有显著影响,母源维生素处理与肉鸡饲粮维生素对肉鸡8-14d(P<0.05)和15-21d(P=0.063)的BWG、8-14d的AFI(P<0.01)有交互影响。肉鸡饲粮不添加维生素时,在8-14d阶段,母源处理E、A和B组比C组肉鸡的BWG分别提高了28.60%(P<0.01)、19.72%(P<0.05)和18.93%(P<0.05)；在15-21d阶段,母源处理E和A组比C组肉鸡BWG分别提高了60.14%(P<0.01)和49.66%(P<0.05)；在0-28d阶段,母源处理E和A组比C组肉鸡BWG分别提高了36.44%(P<0.05)和32.28%(P<0.05)。母源处理E组肉鸡8-14d的AFI比C和D组分别提高了14.50%(P<0.05)和11.81%(P<0.05),母源处理E肉鸡8-14d的F/G比C组降低了0.26(P<0.05)。肉鸡饲粮添加组合Ⅰ时,各母源维生素处理组对肉鸡各阶段BWG和G/F没有显著影响；母源处理C组肉鸡8-14d的AFI比E组提高9.35%(P<0.05)。(2)肉鸡29d体重均匀度：肉鸡饲粮不添加维生素时,母源处理E组肉鸡体重变异最大,而C和D组变异最小；肉鸡饲粮添加组合Ⅰ时,母源处理D变异最大,而C组变异最小。(3)免疫器官指数：经主效应分析,肉鸡饲粮中添加维生素组合Ⅰ极显著提高了法氏囊指数和胸腺指数(P<0.01),而母源处理C组的脾脏指数则显著比B组高(P<0.05)；母源维生素处理与肉鸡饲粮维生素对胸腺指数和脾脏指数的影响有交互效应。肉鸡饲粮不添加维生素时,母源处理C、E和A组的脾脏指数显著比B组分别提高82.93%(P<0.01)、67.48%(P<0.01)和64.23%(P<0.01),比D组分别提高71.75%(P<0.01)、57.25%(P<0.05)和54.20%(P<0.05)；肉鸡饲粮添加维生素组合Ⅰ时,母源处理D、C和A组的胸腺指数比E组分别提高了65.25%(P<0.01)、47.80%(P<0.05)和45.51%(P<0.05)。(4)经主效应分析,肉鸡饲粮中添加维生素组合Ⅰ极显著提高了胫骨钙和磷的含量(P<0.01),而母源维生素处理对肉鸡29d胫骨钙磷含量的显著没有显著差异。母源维生素处理与肉鸡饲粮维生素对胫骨钙磷影响无显著交互效应。当肉鸡饲粮不添加维生素时,肉鸡29d胫骨钙和磷含量各母体处理组差异不显著,而当肉鸡饲粮中添加维生素组合Ⅰ时,母源处理B胫骨钙含量显著高于处理D组(P<0.05)。结论：(1)肉鸡饲粮不添加维生素,显著降低肉鸡生产性能、均匀度、胫骨钙磷含量、法氏囊指数和胸腺指数,而对脾脏指数没有显著影响。(2)种鸡饲粮维生素组合对后代肉鸡的影响在后代肉鸡饲粮不添加维生素时更明显,在组合A基础上补加VB12、VB1、叶酸和生物素4种水溶性维生素组合C降低肉鸡增重、采食量,增加F/G,但提高肉鸡脾脏生长；而在组合A基础上添加Hy.D的种鸡饲粮维生素组合B有利于提高后代肉鸡生长期胫骨钙磷沉积。
全文结论：
维生素组合C有利于提高种蛋质量、雏鸡出生重,其后代肉鸡在饲粮维生素不缺乏条件下生产性能最佳,肉鸡体重均匀度最好。维生素组合B有利于提高种鸡抗氧化性能、提高后代肉鸡胚胎期及生长期胫骨钙磷沉积。母源维生素营养的直接效应发生在肉鸡0-21d阶段。维生素组合Ⅲ有利于青脚麻肉鸡提高生产性能,提高抗氧化酶活性,减少脂质过氧化反应产物MDA生成。青脚麻肉种鸡产蛋高峰过后的饲粮适宜维生素组合为组合C,肉鸡饲粮适宜维生素组合为组合Ⅲ。
To evaluate effects of different Vitamin premix on reproductive performance of Qingjaoma (QJM, a native breed in south of china) broiler breeder hens and on growth performance of their progeny,4 trials (2 for breeder and 2 for broiler) were carried out. The vitamin premixes included A, B, C, D, E for breeder hen andⅠ(NRC),Ⅱ(moderate level),Ⅲ(high level, recommended by DSM) for broiler. The vitamin premix E was designed on OVNTM level for broiler breeder recommended by DSM, and all vitamin levels of premix A were lower than that of premix E except VD3 and VK3, premix B, C, and D were respectively produced by adding Hy.D (25-OHD3) to premix A, and adding VB1, VB12, biotin and folic acid to premix A, or adding Hy.D, VB1, VB12, biotin, and folic acid to premix A, according to the levels in vitamin premix E.
Trial 1
The 16wk feeding experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of two dietary vitamin premix (A and E) on the productive performance, as well as egg characteristics, fertility, hatchability of QJM broiler breeder hens, and serum MDA levels of hens and their progeny. The results were as follows:(1) there were no statistical effects on egg production and hatchability between the two levels of vitamin premix added in diets for breeder. (2) Improved shell thickness (P=0.07), yolk color (P<0.05), and shape index (P<0.05) were observed in eggs from the hens fed with diets containing vitamin premix A. The HF unit (P<0.001), shape index (P<0.05), and albumen height (P<0.001) was observed to be larger at 61 wk of age than one at 69 wk of age, but it is the reverse case for yolk color. There were significant effects of interaction between vitamin level and age on shape index (P<0.05). (3)The content of serum MDA for hen and their progeny was significantly lower in groups fed with diets containing vitamin premix A. In conclusion, it is more advisable to add the vitamin premix A in diet than E for broiler breeder hen during the period from 54 to 69wk of age.
Trail 2
To evaluate effects of maternal and dietary vitamin premix on growth performance, antioxidant ability, carcass composition, and Ca and P levels in tibia of QJM broiler, the progeny of breeder hen fed with the diet containing two vitamin premixes (A and E) were fed with diet containing 3 vitamin premixes (Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ). The 70d feeding experiment, including 6 treatments with 6 replicates of 16 birds, was conducted. The results were as follows:(1) The AFI of boiler were respectively improved by 4.24%(P <0.01) and 2.40%(P<0.05) at the age from 50 to 70d and from 0 to 70d, whose maternal diet contains vitamin premix A, compared to premix E. And the F/G were improved by 0.16 (P<0.01) and 0.04 (P=0.065) also. There were no significant differences on BWG of boiler between the two maternal vitamin premixes. The BWG of the broiler fed with the diet containing premixⅢwere respectively higher by 6.28%(P<0.05) and 3.16%(P<0.05) than those of the broiler fed with the diet containing premix I at the age from 50 to 70d and from 0 to70d, whereas the AFI value was improved 5.11%(P< 0.01) at the age from 50 to 70d. There were no significant effects of vitamin premix added in broiler diet on F/G of broiler. The significant interactive effect of vitamin premix added in maternal and broiler's diet on BWG were observed at the age from 50 to70d and from 0 to 70d, but the interactive effect on AFI and F/G were only observed at the age from 50 to70d. The highest BWG and AFI was observed in A+Ⅲgroup (namely, the vitamin premix A added in maternal diet and the vitamin premixⅢadded in progeny' diet), the lowest F/G was observed in E+Ⅲgroup. (2) Neither maternal nor broiler's diet vitamin premix has significant effects on slaughter performance and carcass composition of male broiler at the 70d of age. The dressed carcass percentage of female broiler in group which maternal diet contains vitamin premix A was improved by 1.37%(P<0.05). The percentage of eviscerated carcass yield of female broiler fed with the diet containing vitamin premixⅡwere improved by 3.75% and 3.51%(P<0.05) respectively compared to vitamin premixⅠandⅢ, however their percentage of abdominal fat reduced by 25.29%(P=0.052) compared to vitamin premixⅠ.The highest percentage of eviscerated carcass yield and the lowest percentage of abdominal fat of female broiler were both observed in A+Ⅱgroup, The highest percentage of wing of female broiler was observed in E+III group. (3) There were no significant effects of different vitamin premixes added in maternal or broiler's diet on activities of GSH-Px or SOD detected in serum of female broiler at 70d of age, but significant interactive effects of maternal and broiler's diet contain different vitamin premix on activity of GSH-Px in female serum were observed, and the highest was observed in A+III group and the lowest was observed in A+Ⅱgroup. The activity of GSH-Px and the levels of MDA detected in serum of male broiler in group that fed with vitamin premixⅢrespectively increased by 31.11%(P<0.05) or reduced by 40.06%(P<0.05) compared to vitamin premixⅠ.The highest activity of GSH-Px in serum of male broiler was observed in A+III group, and the lowest levels of MDA was observed in E+III group. (4) No effects of different vitamin premixes added in maternal or broiler's diet on immune organ index, and no interaction between maternal and broiler's diet were observed. (5) There were interaction on the levels of Ca and P in tibia of female broiler between maternal and broiler's diet, and the highest levels of Ca and P in tibia was observed in observed in A+Ⅰgroup. It is suggested that adding premix A in maternal diet and premix III in broiler diet is desirable to improve growth performance and antioxidant ability of QJM broiler.
Trail 3
The 18wk feeding experiment was carried out to detect the effects of 5 dietary vitamin premixes (A, B, C, D, and E) on egg production, hatchability and quality of progeny at birth. In the experiment,2880 QJM breeder hens at 43 wk of age were employed and allotted into 5 treatments with 6 replicates. The results were as follows:(1) Different vitamin premixes did not affect egg production, BWG and mortality of breeder hen. (2) The fertility of total eggs set in treatment C were higher than that in treatment B (P<0.05) at 46 wk of age. (3) The hatchability of total fertile eggs in treatment C were higher than that in treatment D (P<0.05) at 46wk of age, and the ones in treatment A, B, and C were higher than that in treatment D (P<0.05) at 50wk of age, and the one in treatment B was higher than that in treatment E (P<0.01) and D (P<0.05), and the ones in treatment A and C were higher than that in treatment E (P<0.05). But the average hatchability of total fertile eggs from 46 to 60 wk of age was only observed significantly higher in treatment C than that in treatment D (P<0.05). The hatchability of total eggs set in treatment C were significantly higher than that in treatment A, B, and D, which was only observed at 46wk of age. (4)There were no significant differences of percentage of saleable chicks to total chicks hatch and to total eggs set among treatments. (5) The body weight of chick at birth in treatment C were more heavy than that in the other 4 treatment at 50wk of age (P<0.05), and that in treatment C is more heavy than that in treatment A (P<0.01), D(P<0.01), and E (P<0.05) at 54wk of age. (6) The level of MDA in serum of breeder hens at 60wk of age was the lowest in treatment B, and reduced by 46.46%(P<0.05),40.55%(P<0.05) and 25.32%(P<0.05) respectively compared to treatment C, D, and E. The levels of MDA in yolk were the lowest in treatment B and the highest in treatment E, reducing by 31.05%(P<0.05),31.59%(P<0.05),30.40%(P<0.05) and 50.54%(P< 0.01) respectively compared to treatment A, C, D, and E. And the MDA levels in treatment A, C, and D reduced by 28.27%(P< 0.05),27.70%(P< 0.05) and 28.94%(P< 0.05) respectively compared to treatment E. There was no significant difference of MDA level in progeny at Id of age among various treatments. (7) The level of Ca in tibia of progeny at 1d of age was the lowest in treatment C, lower than that in treatment B (P<0.01), A, D, and E (P<0.05). The level of P in tibia of progeny at 1d of age in treatment C was also lower than that in the other 4 treatments (P<0.05). In conclusion, the vitamin premix C can improve reproductive performance of breeder hen and body weight of progeny at birth, and vitamin premix B can decrease the levels of MDA in serum and yolk of breeder hen and improve the levels of Ca, and P in tibia of progeny at birth.
Trail 4
To evaluate effects of different maternal vitamin premixes on growth performance, immune organ development, and levels of Ca, and P in tibia of broiler, the 28d feeding experiment was conducted. One hundred and twenty chicks from breeder hens fed with the 5 maternal vitamin premixes were respectively selected and allotted into 12 groups of 10 birds, and half of groups were fed with diet containing vitamin premix I and the other were fed without commercial vitamin. The results were as follows:(1) The vitamin premixⅠadded in diet improved AFI and BWG of broiler at every week from 0 to 28d of age (P< 0.01) and reduced F/G of broiler at every week from 8 to 28d of age (P< 0.01), and maternal vitamin premix did not significantly affect the BWG, AFI, and F/G of broiler at every week from 0 to 28d of age. The interaction between maternal and dietary vitamin premix of broiler on BWG of broiler was detected from 8 to 14d (P<0.05) and from 15 to 21 d of age, as well as on AFI from 8 to 14d of age. In the condition of no commercial vitamin in broiler diet, maternal premix E, A, and B improved BWG of broiler by 28.60%(P<0.01),19.72%(P<0.05) and 18.93%(P<0.05) from 8 to 14d of age, compared to maternal premix C. And maternal premix E and A improved BWG of broiler by 60.14%(P<0.01) and 49.66%(P<0.05) from 15 to 21d, and 6.44%(P<0.05) and 32.28% from 0 to 28d of age respectively compared to maternal premix C. Maternal premix E improved AFI of broiler by 14.50% and 11.80%(P<0.05) respectively compared to premix C and D from 8 to 14 d of age. Maternal premix E reduced F/G by 0.26 (P<0.05) compared to premix C. In the groups fed with vitamin premixⅠ, maternal treatment did not affect BWG and G/F of broiler, but premix C improved AFI by 9.35%(P<0.05) compared to premix E from 8 to 14d of age. (2) In the condition of no commercial vitamin in broiler diet, the largest variation of body weight of broiler at 29d of age occurred in maternal treatment E and the smallest one in maternal treatment C and D. In the groups fed with vitamin premixⅠ, the largest and the smallest variations of body weight of broiler at 29d of age presented in maternal treatment D and treatment C separately. (3) The vitamin premixⅠadded in diet improved bursa of fabricius index and thymus gland index of broiler, and maternal treatment C improved gland index compared to treatment B. Interactive effects on thymus gland index and spleen index of broiler between maternal and dietary vitamin premix of broiler were observed. Without commercial vitamin in broiler diet, maternal treatment C, E, and A improved spleen index of broiler at 29d of age by 82.93%(P<0.01),67.48%(P<0.01) and 64.23% (P<0.01) respectively compared to maternal treatment B and by 71.75%(P<0.01),57.25%(P<0.05) and 54.20%(P<0.05) respectively by comparison to maternal treatment D. In the groups fed with vitamin premixⅠ, maternal treatment D, C, and A improved spleen index of broiler at 29d of age by 65.25%(P<0.01),47.80%(P <0.05) and 45.51%(P<0.05) respectively compared to maternal treatment E. (4) The levels of Ca and P in tibia of broiler improved by adding vitamin premixⅠin broiler diet, but were not significantly affected by maternal vitamin premix and their interaction. In the groups fed without commercial vitamin, maternal vitamin premix did not significantly affect the levels of Ca and P in tibia of broiler at 29d of age. In the groups fed with vitamin premixⅠ, the levels of Ca in tibia of broiler in maternal treatment B were higher than that in treatment D. It is proposed that growth performce, levels of Ca and P in tibia, bursa of fabricius index, and thymus gland index of broiler were decreased, and variation of body weight of broiler at 29d of age was increased significantly when adding no commercial vitamin in broiler diet. Effect of different maternal vitamin premix on progeny were more obvious when no commercial vitamin in broiler diet, the maternal vitamin premix C reduced BWG, AFI, but improved F/G and spleen index of progeny. Maternal vitamin premix B was benefit to deposition of Ca, and P in tibia of broiler.
Conclusion
According to the above results, the following conclusions will be obtained:(1) Vitamin premix C contributes to the improvement of reproductive performance of breeder hen, body weight of progeny at birth. And the progeny fed with sufficient vitamin had greatest body weight and smallest variation of body weight among individuals. (2) Vitamin B is of benefit to antioxidant ability of breeder hen and Ca and P deposition in tibia of progeny. (3) The direct effects of maternal vitamin on performance of broiler occurred from 0 to 21d of age. (4) Vitamin premixⅢhelp to improve performance and antioxidant ability of QJM broiler. (5) Vitamin premix C is more suitable for QJM breeder hen after peak egg production, and vitamin premixⅢis suggested to feed QJM broiler.
引文
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