摘要
2006年6月～2007年11月,采用全事件取样法、目标动物取样法和行为取样法对泰山东北虎园7只(3雌,4雄)半散养东北虎(Panthera tigris altaica)繁殖期各主要繁殖行为及昼间活动节律进行了研究,同时利用放射免疫分析法(RIA)对东北虎粪便中性激素水平的季节性变化进行了研究,并分析了性激素水平与繁殖行为的相关性,结果显示:
1在时间分配方面,非繁殖期雌雄虎都将最多的时间用于休息,其次是运动,取食和其他行为时间很少;两者摄食时间差异显著(P＜0.05),其他不明显(P＞0.05)。雄虎发情交配期休息和运动时间最多,其次是发情交配和其他;与非繁殖期比休息明显减少(P＜0.05),其他行为增加非常显著(P＜0.01)。雌虎发情交配期运动和休息时间最多,其次是发情交配和其他;与非繁殖期比各种行为变化不明显(P＞0.05)。雌雄虎发情交配期的各种行为时间分配差异不显著(P＞0.05)。哺乳期雌虎仍然是休息所占比重最大,其次是哺乳,运动时间明显减少。雌虎在非繁殖期、发情交配期和哺乳期,休息、运动和取食时间差异极显著(P＜0.01),其他行为差异不显著(P＞0.05)。
在活动规律方面,雄虎在非繁殖期卧息主要发生在11:00～13:00,睡眠多发生在13:00～15:00,运动在9:00～11:00和15:00后,其他行为分布比较均匀;雌虎非繁殖期卧息主要发生在9:00～11:00和15:00后,睡眠集中在11:00～15:00,运动也主要发生在9:00～11:00和15:00后,其他行为分布比较均匀。发情交配期雌雄虎活动规律相似,休息主要发生在11:00～14:00,睡眠多发生在12:00～13:00,运动在9:00～10:00和15:00左右为高峰期,同时发情交配行为大量增加,嗅闻、打滚、露阴和频尿时有发生。哺乳期变化较大,在室内期母虎的休息时间在一天中几乎不间断,主要集中在9:00～10:00,11:00～17:00,哺乳与休息具有同步性,运动时间主要集中在11:00～12:00和16:00～16:30;室外期休息主要集中在9:00～14:00和15:00～16:00,哺乳主要集中在9:00～13:00,运动时间比较分散,没有明显的高峰期。由于采取定时定点饲喂模式,所以雌雄虎的摄食一般只发生在17:00～18:00。
2交配过程中,雌雄虎都存在邀配行为,但雌虎是交配行为的积极发动者,具有明显的邀配行为和特定的邀配模式。有时雌虎虽然主动触闻雄虎,也抬尾露阴但并非邀配,观察发现此时如果雄虎靠近并试图爬跨常被拒绝。
3整个交配期,每只雌虎平均日邀配28±3次,平均邀配持续时间为20.0±1.2s。每只雄虎平均日爬跨14±1次。平均抽动持续时间为20.9±0.5s,平均交配持续时间为45.2±1.3s。
4东北虎在交配过程中无锁结现象,雄虎通常在一次爬跨多次抽动后即出现射精。在1h内出现2次射精次数的比例占总射精次数的74.0%。东北虎的交配模式属于Dewsbury分类系统中的第11种,即无锁结、有抽动、单次插入、多次射精。
5在分娩过程中,雌虎的梳理、卧息和舔仔行为时间最长,分别为26.90%、26.23%和23.83%;梳理、努责和舔仔行为发生频率较高,分别是37.95%、18.75%和12.50%。
6在育幼过程中,雌虎室外期与室内期哺乳和亲仔行为的时间差异极显著(P＜0.01),离开行为的时间差异显著(P＜0.05)。室内期和室外期哺乳频次分别为5.75±0.36%和3.75±0.19%;室内期每次哺乳平均时间为1919.00±93.60秒,室外期885.26±38.04秒。两个时期的哺乳频次(t=4.270,P＜0.01)和每次哺乳的平均时间(t=8.683,P＜0.01)差异也极显著。
7雌虎粪样中E_2的质量分数在发情交配期一直维持高水平,基本都在400 pg/g以上,峰值达1500 pg/g;育幼期水平较低,基本都在400 pg/g以下;非繁殖期含量较低,与发情前相当,一般在50～200pg/g。非繁殖期、发情交配期和育幼期雌二醇浓度差异极显著(F_(62.2)=32.513,P＜0.01)。
8雌虎孕酮的质量分数在非繁殖期、发情交配期和育幼期基本都在100 ng/g以内,育幼期稍高,峰值达400ng/g,三个时期孕酮的质量分数差异显著(P＜0.05)。
9雄虎粪样中T的质量分数在发情交配期维持了较高的水平,一般不低于200ng/g,峰值达550ng/g以上。非繁殖期T的质量分数很低,在200ng/g以下。T浓度在非繁殖期和发情交配期的差异达到极显著水平(P＜0.01)。
From June 2006 to November 2007 at Taishan Amur Tiger Park,with all-occurrence recording,focal-animal sampling and behavior sampling methods,we chose 7 semi-free-ranging Arnur tigers(4 males,3 females)to investigate activity rhythms and reproductive behaviors during breeding stages and anestrous seasons,and mensurated fecal gonadal hormone concentrations in Amur tiger during different periods with radioimmunoassay method. At last,we analyse the relations between reproductive behaviors and gonadal hormone concentrations in Amur tiger.The main results are as follows:
1 As to the time budget,male and female Amur tiger spent most time in resting,more time in moving,and less time in eating and other behaviors;and eating time(P＜0.05)was significant different and time in other behaviors was similar between male and female Amur tiger,during anestrous season.During rutting period,male Amur tiger spent most time in resting and moving,more time in rutting,copulating and other behaviors;and spent less resting time(P＜0.05)and more other behaviors time(P＜0.01)than those in anestrous season. During rutting period,female Amur tiger spent most time in moving and resting,more time in rutting,copulating and other behaviors;and the time budget of all behaviors during rutting period and anestrous season are similar(P＞0.05).The time budget of male and female Amur tiger were similar during rutting periods(P＞0.05).During lactation female Amur tiger spent most time in resting,more time in nursing,and less time in moving.Resting time,moving time and eating time were all significant different(P＜0.01)and time in other behaviors was similar of female Amur tiger among anestrous season,rutting period and lactation.
For the activity rhythm,the peak of resting was recorded at 11:00-13:00;sleeping at 13:00-15:00,moving at 11:00-13:00 and behind 15:00;and other behaviors had no peaks of male Amur tiger during anestrous season.The peak of resting was recorded at 9:00-11:00 and behind 15:00;sleeping at 11:00-15:00,moving at 9:00-11:00 and behind 15:00;and other behaviors had no peaks of female Amur tiger during anestrous season. During rutting periods,activity rhythms of male and female Amur tiger were similar,and the peak of resting was recorded at 11:00-14:00;sleeping at 12:00-13:00,moving at 9:00-10:00 and behind 15:00;and many rutting and copulating behaviors which included sniffing,wallow,chinesisch and frequent urinating were recorded.Lactation changed obviously. Female tiger almost always kept rest in day before it went out.The peak of resting was recordedat9:00-10:00 and 11:00-17:00;moving at 11:00-12:00 and 16:00-16:30; and activity rhythms of resting and lactation were similar.After female tiger went out,it rested mainly 9:00-14:00 and 15:00-16:00;lactation at 9:00-13:00.Female tiger had no obvious moving peak.Eating behaviors of Amur tiger only occurred from 17:00 to 18:00 because the fixed breeding pattern.
2 Male and female Amur tiger had sexual solicitation,and mating activities were often initiated by female tiger which had obvious sexual solicitation behaviors and given patterns. Sometimes,although female tiger sniffed the male forwardly and had tail erection,it didn't want to mate.And male was generally refused when it tried to mount at this time.
3 During the whole mating period,every female had 28±3 sexual solicitations per day averagely with the average lasting time of 20.0±1.2 seconds,and every male mounted 14±1 times each day averagely.The average thrusting duration was 20.9±0.5 seconds,and the average mating duration was 45.2±1.3 seconds.
4 There was no copulatory lock during mating,and the male usually ejaculated following a single intromission after several thrusts.The percentage of ejaculations happening again within an hour was about 74.0%.Amur tigers had a copulatory pattem with no lock,thrusting, multiple intromission,and single ejaculation,which belonged to copulatory pattern No.11 in Dewsbury's copulatory-patterned system.
5 The behaviors that accounted for most of the total time budget during the parturition period were grooming,lying and licking kittens,26.90%,26.23%and 23.83%,respectively. The behaviors that occurred most frequently were grooming(37.95%),abdominal contraction(18.75%),and licking kittens(12.50%).
6 During nursiing period female Amur tiger lactationing time and nursing time were all significant different(P＜0.01)from indoor and outdoor period,went out time was significant (P＜0.05).Lactating frequence were 5.75±0.36%and 3.75±0.19%in indoor and outdoor period.Lactating time were 1919.00±93.60s and 885.26±38.04s in two defferent period. Lactating frequence and lactating time were all significant different(P＜0.01).
7 Fecal E_2 concentration on the tigers kept the higher lever during rutting period.Fecal E_2 concentration was usually more than 400pg/g and the peak of it reached over more than 1200pg/g.Fecal E_2 concentration was usually less than 400pg/g during nurseing period.Fecal E_2 concentration kept usually low levers during anestrous season,and was similar with the fecal E_2 concentrations of the time before rutting period.There were very obvious difference of E_2 concentration on female tiger among rutting period,nurseing period and anestrous season.
8 Fecal P concentrations was usually less than 100ng/g during anestrous season,rutting period and nurseing period,and the concentration during nurseing period kept higher level than those during anestrous season and rutting period.The peak of P concentration during nurseing period was more than 400ng/g.There were obvious difference of P concentration among anestrous season,rutting period and nurseing period.
9 Fecal T concentrations of male Amur tiger kept the higher lever and were usually more than 200ng/g during rutting period.The peak of T concentrations reached over more than 550ng/g.T concentrations on males were very low and not more than 200ng/g during anestrous season.There were significant differences of T concentrations on males between rutting period and anestrous season.
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