摘要
心理疲劳是心理机能不能维持原有心理活动水平(即下降)的现象；它不利于运动员训练和比赛。而为实现训练和比赛目标,运动员必须做好效果监控,这是指发现和纠正应该做出的反应与实际反应之间的差异(即错误)；对自身反应错误的监控叫反应效果监控,它受负性情绪影响较大。心理疲劳(短期和长期)下运动员反应效果监控能力是否下降(ERP核心指标错误相关负波ERN幅值是否变小)有待验证。
为确定诱发短期心理疲劳和ERN的Flanker任务,选用体育专业大学生以主观感受、行为数据和HRV频域指标为因变量,短期心理疲劳为自变量进行预备性研究。实验1中10人进行6个15分钟分段任务,发现首个15分钟可作为无疲劳期,任务诱发出ERN所需错误数,分段任务不易诱发疲劳。实验2中24人进行60分钟连续任务,发现46-60分钟可作为疲劳期；随后,均分成音乐放松组和对照组进行15分钟任务,发现音乐有助于疲劳恢复。
研究一以行为数据和ERN为因变量,心理疲劳为自变量探讨了体育专业大学生的心理疲劳与反应效果监控。实验3中15人进行60分钟连续及15分钟音乐调控下的任务,发现无短期疲劳时段正确反应时显著低于(p=.029)、正确率(p=.046)显著高于疲劳时段。ERN幅值上,无短期疲劳显著大于音乐调控时段,后者显著大于疲劳时段(p=.000)；早Pe幅值上,无疲劳与调控时段相当,大于疲劳时段。实验4中24人(均分成有、无长期疲劳组)进行15分钟任务,发现无长期疲劳组行为绩效优于长期疲劳组。ERP幅值上,无长期疲劳组ERN(临界显著)和早Pe均大于长期疲劳组。研究一发现ERN最大波幅点是FCz,早Pe较大波幅点是FCz和Cz。
研究二以行为数据和ERN为因变量,长期心理疲劳为自变量探讨了专业(射击)运动员的长期心理疲劳与反应效果监控。研究二中20人(均分成有、无长期疲劳组)进行15分钟任务,发现正确率、ERN和早Pe有预期方向变化,但两组差异不显著；长期疲劳组出现PES现象。ERN最大波幅点是FCz,早Pe较大波幅点是FCz和Cz。
本文结论如下：短期和长期心理疲劳均减弱体育专业大学生的反应效果监控能力,放松音乐对短期心理疲劳的调控有一定帮助。长期心理疲劳下专业运动员的反应效果监控能力略有下降,长期心理疲劳对错误后调整有不利影响。
Psychological fatigue, including mental fatigue and burnout, is a phenomenon that psychological function cannot remain the former level of mental activity (In other words, psychological function decreases). Psychological fatigue has some negative effects on athletes'training and competition. However, in order to achieve the goals of training and competition, athletes must do a good job in performance monitoring. Performance monitoring means to detect and correct differences between the right response and the actual response, namely, is to detect and correct errors. Response monitoring reflects error processing from autologous response. Negative emotions affect response monitoring greatly. Under mental fatigue or burnout circumstances, whether athletes'response monitoring ability decreases is up for debate (In ERP studies, the amplitude of error related negativity decreases). Three studies (five experiments) were carried out to explore cause-effect relationships of psychological fatigue and response monitoring.
The aim of preliminary study was to make certain the Flanker task satisfied to give rise to mental fatigue and ERN. The participants of this study were university students majoring in physical education. This study regarded subjective feelings (difficulty, effort level, degree of fatigue), operational performances (correct rate, reaction time), heart rate variability (frequency domain) as dependent variables, and regarded mental fatigue as independent variable. In experiment1, ten participants operated six separate tasks(Every task was15minutes). The results showed that the first15-minute could be as the non fatigue phase. The Flanker task could evoke a certain amount of errors met the demand of ERN. The six separate tasks could not evoke mental fatigue easily. In experiment2, twenty four participants operated continuously60minute task. The results showed that the fourth15-minute (from46to60minute) could be as the fatigue phase. Then, they were separated averagely into two groups. One group was given relaxed music while the other group was control group. The participants recovered from mental fatigue in the music intervention phase.
The aim of study1was to investigate the relationship between psychological fatigue and response monitoring. The participants of this study were university students majoring in physical education. This study regarded operational performances (correct rate, reaction time) and ERN as dependent variables, and regarded psychological fatigue as independent variable. In experiment3, fifteen participants operated continuously60minute task, and then operated15minute task accompanied by relaxed music. From the result of operational performances, the fatigue phase compared with the non fatigue phase showed significant differences, including reaction time(p=.029) and correct rate(p=.046). From the result of ERN, the amplitude of the non fatigue phase was bigger than that of the music intervention phase, the latter was bigger than that of the fatigue phase (p=.000). From the result of early Pe, the amplitude of the non fatigue phase equalled basically to that of the music intervention phase, and they were bigger than that of the fatigue phase. In experiment4, twenty four participants were separated averagely into two groups. One group was burnout group while the other group was no burnout group. They operated15minute task. From the result of operational performances, no burnout group was better than burnout group. From the result of ERN, no burnout group's amplitude was bigger than that of burnout group, but the difference was marginally significant(p=.052). From the result of early Pe, no burnout group's amplitude was bigger slightly than that of burnout group. The most obvious electrode was FCz in ERN. The more obvious electrodes were FCz and Cz in early Pe.
The aim of study2was to investigate the relationship between burnout and response monitoring. The participants of this study were professional athletes (shooters). This study regarded operational performances (correct rate, reaction time) and ERN as dependent variables, and regarded burnout as independent variable. Twenty participants were separated averagely into two groups. One group was burnout group while the other group was no burnout group. They operated15minute task. From the result of operational performances, no burnout group's correct rate was better than that of burnout group. From the result of ERN and early Pe, no burnout group's amplitudes were bigger than those of burnout group, but the differences were not significant. The PES (post-error slowing) phenomenon happened in burnout group. The most obvious electrode was FCz in ERN. The more obvious electrodes were FCz and Cz in early Pe. The main conclusions of this article are as follows:For university students majoring in physical education, Psychological fatigue(mental fatigue and burnout) weakens response monitoring ability. Relaxed music is helpful to mental fatigue recovery. Under burnout circumstances, professional athletes' response monitoring ability declines. Burnout affects post-error adjustment for professional athletes.
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