摘要
矿井通风系统对地下开采犹如血液循环系统对人体一样重要,矿井通风是地下矿山安全生产的重要保障。随着矿井向深部延伸和开采强度的增加,矿井必将出现岩温增高、风路延长、阻力增大、风流压缩放热、风量调节困难、漏风突出、有毒有害物质和热湿排除受阻等问题。因此,矿井通风的作用将更加重要。
目前我国许多有色金属矿山开采已经进入了500～1000m的开采深度(本文将该深度定义为亚深部),上述矿井通风问题非常突出;与此同时,深部开采粉尘污染问题的解决也非常困难。由于铜绿山铜铁矿是大冶有色金属公司的主力矿山和老矿山,目前即将进入的开采深度为500～800m,其矿井通风与防尘问题在我国有色金属矿山中具有典型性,因此本文将铜绿山铜铁矿确定为研究对象,结合该矿井通风与防尘的具体情况和存在的主要问题及其实际工程要求开展研究。论文的主要研究内容和成果如下:
(1)在系统地查阅和分析了国内外有关矿井通风与防尘的主要文献和相关研究成果基础上,有针对性地开展矿井通风系统优化理论研究,并将有关优化理论结合到矿井通风系统的优化改造和通风网络分析研究中。
(2)开展了现场情况调查、资料收集和测定工作,获得了需要的矿井通风与防尘基础信息和测定数据,对现有矿井通风系统进行了正确的评价。
(3)对现场获得的资料进行系统分析、处理,建立铜绿山铜铁矿矿井通风系统的数据模型,对不同的矿井通风系统改造方案进行网络解算、分析,为矿井通风系统的优化改造方案和合理矿井通风模式的确定奠定了基础。
(4)根据上述各项工作提出了铜绿山铜铁矿深部矿井通风系统改造方案。包括适宜-425m～-245m、-725m～-425m中段矿体开采的新通风系统、矿井阶段通风网络方案以及改造方案实施主要工程。对中段回风石门主扇和辅扇硐室的方案、通风构筑物的方案、南主扇叶片安装角参数调整、局部通风大直径风筒应用、中段通风系统改造工程费用概算等进行了合理设计。
(5)结合铜绿山铜铁矿矿井通风风流控制的需要,分析了应用空气幕隔断风流的可行性。对空气幕隔断风流的实际有效压力、空气幕对风流增阻的计算、单机空气幕的阻风率、多机并联空气幕的阻风率等进行了计算分析;并对井下不带风墙辅扇的动压通风分析及其应用、无风墙辅扇通风、无风墙辅扇在巷道中单独工作等进行了研究。
(6)应用事故树分析方法分析了铜绿山铜铁矿矿井通风系统可靠性影响因素分析。建立了矿井通风系统不稳定性事故树,对有关影响因素的影响范围及程度进行了分析,提出了提高矿井通风系统可靠性的相应对策。
(7)以化学抑尘方法为防尘关键手段,开展了矿尘湿润剂实验研究。对铜绿山矿矿尘试样进行了分析,确定了湿润剂的类型及其溶液配制方法,试验了表面活性剂添加卤化物的湿润性能,开发了适合铜绿山铜铁矿防尘的化学抑尘剂优化配方。
(8)根据开发的化学抑尘剂配方,对铜绿山铜铁矿卸矿站的添加湿润剂喷雾防尘系统进行了设计。包括喷雾系统设计、喷嘴选型与布置、自动喷雾供水系统设计、供水水源与水质要求、影响喷雾除尘效果的因素分析、通风与喷雾除尘结合除尘、卸矿站喷雾防尘系统经济可行性等。
(9)对铜绿山铜铁矿井下溜井放矿时冲击气流扬尘机理进行了分析,提出了控制放矿时粉尘污染的有效综合措施。
(10)提出了铜绿山铜铁矿矿井通风管理、粉尘防治管理和劳动安全卫生管理对策等通风与防尘综合措施。
上述矿井通风与防尘关键技术的许多内容已经结合到铜绿山铜铁矿矿井深部开采的工程中,并证明这些成果是行之有效的和具有广泛的推广应用价值。
Ventilation is sometimes described as the lifeblood of a mine. Mine ventilation is very important for safety production in underground mines. With the depth and strength increasing of the mine, many touch issues, e. g. higher temperature of rock, longer roadways, larger resistance, more compressed heat generated by airflow, more difficulties of airflow adjusting, more leakage, more pollutants and wet, etc. will occur in the future. Therefore, mine ventilation will play more significant role.
Currently, many nonferrous mines in China will reach at 500 to 1000 m depth (this depth is defined as sub-depth in the thesis). The problems described in above will become more serious. At the same time, the dust prevention will also be more difficult. In this thesis, a typical nonferrous mine named Tonglushan Copper and Iron Mine (TLSCIM) was selected as the research project, because it is the main mine of Daye Nonferrous Metal Company and a famous old mine and its mining depth is at 500 to 800 m. The ventilation and dust pollution issues of TLSCIM can also considered as the common problems in similar mines. Combined with the practical situations and conditions of mine ventilation and dust prevention of TLSCIM, a lot of investigations were conducted and some fruits were achieved as follows.
(1) Based on a systematical literature reviews on the mine ventilation and dust controlling technology, optimum approach for mine ventilation was carried out and the research results were used in the mine ventilation system improvement and network analysis of TLSCIM.
(2) By making detailed in-situ investigation and measurement, lot of information and data of mine ventilation and dust pollution were obtained. Accordingly, the suitable assessment of the mine ventilation system of TLSCIM was finished.
(3) Depending upon analyzing the data and relevant information, the digital model of mine ventilation system of TLSCIM was set up. Various plans of improving the mine ventilation were obtained by network analysis technology. These works are the foundation of improving the mine ventilation system and getting the optimum ventilation models.
(4) Based on the mine ventilation network analysis and other works, the optimum planning of new mine ventilation system was put forward, including -425m~-245m and -725m~-425m levels networks, position of main and auxiliary fans, airflow adjusting constructions, vane angle of main fans, large diameter tube for heading ventilation, cost, etc.
(5) By considered the practical requirements of airflow adjusting of TLSCIM, the possibility of air curtain used for adjusting airflow was analyzed. The effective pressure of air curtain for sealing airflow, the resistance of air curtain, the efficiency of single and multi curtains, etc. were calculated and analyzed. Also, booster with or without sealing were discussed and investigated to use in adjusting airflow.
(6) According to the fault tree analysis method, the relevant factors and reliability of mine ventilation system of TLSCIM was analyzed. The un-stabilized fault tree of mine ventilation system was set up and accordingly the effective measures of increasing the reliability of mine ventilation system were put forward.
(7) Taking the chemical suppression of dust as the approach, the wetting agents for controlling dust were investigated. After analyzed the samples of dust of TLSCIM, the type of wetting agent was selected and its preparation method was obtained. Also, solution of surfactant adding chloride for improving the wetting behavior was tested. An optimum compositions of wetting agent for dust control of TLSCIM was innovated.
(8) Based on the compositions of wetting agent in laboratory, a spraying system of water adding wetting agent for controlling the dust pollution in ore drawing station of TLSCIM was designed. The designing work includes the spraying system, nozzle selection and installing position, water supplying system, water quantity requirement, etc. Also, the affecting factors to dust suppressing efficiency, the efficiency by ventilation and water spraying and the cost of spraying station were analyzed.
(9) The dust releasing mechanism by dynamic airflow when ores are drawing into an ore pass was analyzed. The effective measures for controlling dust releasing were put forward.
(10) At last, comprehensive measures for mine ventilation management, dust suppression management and work safety and health administration were listed.
The key technologies for mine ventilation and dust control described in above were used in the project of deep mining engineering of TLSCIM. The practical application verified that the research fruits are effective and can be widely applied in other similar mines.
引文
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