摘要
随着公路隧道里程的增加,隧道火灾的危险性也在增大。由于公路隧道火灾的巨大危害性,公路隧道的安全问题日益受到人们的关注。秦岭终南山特长公路隧道全长18020 m,双洞单向交通,采用多竖井送排风方式。无论是长度还是通风方式都与以往的隧道不同,因此对其进行火灾通风的研究就变得尤为必要。
鉴于此,论文以秦岭终南山特长公路隧道工程为背景,结合西部交通建设科技项目——秦岭终南山公路隧道综合技术研究防灾救援技术研究(20013180007103)项目,采用理论分析结合模型试验和数值模拟的办法,对特长公路隧道的火灾模式下通风设计及控制技术进行了较深入系统的分析研究,并将研究成果运用于依托工程中,不但对秦岭终南山公路隧道的规划、设计、施工、营运有较大的技术支撑作用,而且对全国特长公路隧道通风、防灾救援技术具有重要的指导意义,也为规范修订积累资料。本论文的研究工作主要体现存以下几个方面:
1.通过对隧道火灾过程中某些条件的简化,建立了隧道内温度纵向下降的理论预测公式。通过对隧道围岩温度随时间变化的研究,得到了温度纵向分布计算中不稳定传热系数随烟流和围岩之间热交换过程变化的影响因素,引入烟流和隧道围岩的热交换系数,考虑到不稳定换热系数的时间影响因素,得到了温度纵向分布的时间和空间影响因素。
2.通过对隧道火灾时密度的分布,确定了火风压的计算公式。对于特长公路隧道,由于温度沿程变化明显,因此,根据不同区段的温度变化给出了特长公路隧道分段式的火风压计算公式和烟流摩擦阻力计算公式。
3.通过对单体隧道火灾通风控制的研究,确定了单体隧道火灾的临界风速为2-3m/s:在此基础上,通过试验研究的方法,首次明确提出了有横通道隧道发生火灾的情况下的通风控制;以及多竖井隧道在不同的火灾点位置的通风控制基准。
4.开发出“特长公路隧道火灾网络通风程序”计算软件,可自动完成特长公路隧道火灾情况下“各分支风量、风机数量”的计算,并对秦岭终南山特长公路隧道火灾通风进行了计算,得到了所有防火区段的风机布置,为隧道火灾预案的制定提供了计算上的依据。
5.确定了特长公路隧道火灾救援的总原则、救灾体系、防火分区及火灾预案制定方法,通过对隧道火灾的深入研究,论文以通风为基础,结合终南山特长公路隧道实例,制定了卡片式的火灾救援预案,建立了一套完整的通风控制体系,用以指导实际的救灾工作。
Since the risk of tunnel fire will become higher with the increase of total length of highway tunnel, safety problems of tunnels have become an increasing concern due to the huge damage of fire. With the length of 18020 m, two-hole one-way traffic, and multi-ventilation shaft, Qinling Zhongnanshan super-long highway tunnel is totally different from any other tunnels in fire ventilation, so it's definitely necessary to conduct researches on its fire ventilation.
In view of this, based on the project of Zhongnanshan super-long highway tunnel, combined with the project of Zhongnanshan highway tunnel comprehensive disaster prevention and rescue Technology Research (20013180007103) supported by the Chinese Western Road Construction Scientific and Technological Project, ventilation design and control technology are detailed studied with the application of theoretical analysis aided with experimental and numerical method in this dissertation. These achievements are not only supportive of the technology of Zhongnanshan super-long highway tunnel's planning, design, construction and operation, but also of great guiding significance in ventilation and disaster prevention and rescue technology of China's super-long highway tunnels. Thus, it especially accumulates useful date for the amendments of norm. So, what this dissertation mainly discusses lies in the following areas:
1. With certain conditions simplified, a tunnel temperature vertical drop of the theoretical prediction formula is established. By studying the tunnel wall temperature over time, the factors deciding how the instable thermal transmission coefficient changes with the smoke and heat exchange among walls have been obtained. In addition, such determining factors as time and space of vertical temperature distribution have been gained with the heat exchange coefficient of smoke and tunnel walls introduced and the coefficient of heat transfer taken into consideration.
2. Through the study of density distribution in tunnel fire, the formula for computing the fire pressure is gained. Because of the significant change of super-long highway tunnel fire temperature, formula for computing fire pressure and smoke frictional resistance have been figured out according to the different sections of the temperature change .
3. With the research on ventilation control of single tunnel fire, it is decided that the critical wind speed is 2-3m/s; on this basis, ventilation control in tunnels with transverse passages in fire, as well as ventilation control standards for different fire locations in multi-shaft tunnels, has been clearly set up for the first time as considerable experiments have been carried out.
4. A software named "long road tunnel fire ventilation network program" that can automatically complete computing the air volume of each branch and the numbers of fans of long road tunnels in fire has been developed. By computing the ventilation of Zhongnanshan super-long highway tunnel in fire with the software, the arrangement of fans set in all fire protection sections have been well made, which provides a basis for the design of tunnel fire emergency preplans in computation.
5. The general principles of fire relief system, rescue system, fire compartmentation and method for fire emergency preplans have been established. By probing into tunnel fires deeply, on the basis of ventilation and combined with the project of Zhongnanshan super-long highway tunnel, a card-fire rescue plan and an integrated ventilation control system for tunnel fire have been worked out in this paper, which can guide the actual disaster relief work.
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