中小企业独立董事与公司绩效关系的实证研究
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摘要
中小企业正逐渐成为推动我国经济发展和社会进步的重要力量,由于在治理结构上存在不足,中小上市公司的中小股东权益难以保障,对中小企业的经营发展也造成了严重影响。如何构建一套有效的公司治理结构,以保护股东权益,保障企业可持续发展,特别是中小企业的可持续发展,成为一个迫切需要解决的问题。
     在这种情况下,对董事会具有监督作用、以保护中小股东权益为重点的独立董事制度被引入到我国的公司治理机制中。然而,由于制度环境和治理机制的巨大差异,理论界和实践界对独立董事制度能否有效发挥预期作用一直存在争议。以往研究多采用大样本检验的研究方法,这很容易忽视行业、公司类型等因素的差异对独立董事与公司绩效关系产生的影响。
     本文将特别关注于中国中小上市公司独立董事与公司绩效的关系问题,基于委托代理理论、资源依赖理论和现代激励理论,以2006-2008年度深圳证券交易所中小企业板117家上市公司为研究样本,通过多元回归分析,对独立董事独立性、激励、勤勉程度和背景对公司绩效的影响情况进行实证检验。对中小板上市公司的独立董事制度现状,中小板上市公司与一般上市公司独立董事特征的比较,独立董事相关因素如何影响公司绩效等问题进行了深入研究,探讨中国制度环境下中小上市公司独立董事制度的有效性问题。
     研究结果显示,中小板上市公司的公司绩效明显高于一般上市公司的平均水平,独立董事制度的相关特征也明显好于一般上市公司;通过对中小板上市公司的经验数据验证,发现独立董事比例和人数没有对公司绩效产生显著影响;独立董事的薪酬与公司绩效具有显著的负向关系,这与大多数的相关研究结论不同,中小板上市公司较高的独立董事固定薪金和津贴并不能激励独立董事监督作用的发挥,反而对独立董事的独立性产生了负面的影响;在其他独立董事因素中,独立董事任职地点和年龄对公司绩效具有显著的影响作用,并且具有良好的稳健性,独立董事本地任职对公司绩效具有显著的正向作用,而年轻的独立董事更有利于公司绩效的提升。另外,独立董事出席董事会会议比率对公司绩效的影响并不稳健,没有发现独立董事比例、年龄可能与公司绩效呈U型关系的证据。
     通过对中小板上市公司的研究,本文扩展了独立董事与公司绩效方面的文献,尤其是对处于类似于中国这样的新兴市场中的中小上市公司的独立董事制度的设计具有一定的参考价值,为上市公司甄选独立董事提供了参考和借鉴的经验证据。
Small and medium enterprise (SME) is important to the development of economy and society in China. Due to the corporate governance, small and medium listed companies are difficult to protect the interests of small shareholders, and the business develops difficultly. An urgent problem is how to build an effective corporate governance structure, in order to protect shareholder interests, and make sustainable development for small and medium enterprises.
     Independent directors introduced into China have a supervisory role in the board, in order to protect the interests of small shareholders. However, due to the different institutional environment and governance mechanisms, they have always been controversial in theory and practice. Most previous studies used the large sample test. It is very easy to overlook the industry and company factors, and has an impact on the relationship between independent directors and corporate performance.
     This paper particularly focuses on the relationship between independent directors and corporate performance in small and medium listed companies in China. Based on principal-agent theory, resource dependence theory and modern theory of motivation, it analyzes 117 listed companies on SME board of Shenzhen Stock Exchange in 2006-2008. It examines how the independence, motivation, diligence and background of independent directors impacts corporate performance through multiple linear regression analysis. To examine the effectiveness of independent directors in China, it makes a deep research on the status quo of independent directors in small and medium listed companies, the comparison between them and other listed companies, and how the factors affect corporate performance.
     The result shows that corporate performance of the small and medium listed companies is better than other listed ones, and the relevant characteristics of independent directors are also better. The number of independent directors and the proportion of independent directors do not affect corporate performance significantly. It finds that the remuneration of independent directors has a significantly negative impact on corporate performance, which is different from the result of most studies. High fixed salary and allowances do not encourage independent directors, but have a negative impact to the independence. Location and age of independent directors has a significant influence to corporate performance. Independent directors working in local companies have a significant impact on corporate performance, and the young independent directors improve company performance more effectively. In addition, the proportion of independent directors attending board meetings do not have a significant impact on corporate performance. It does not find the proportion and age of independent directors may relate to corporate performance with a U-type relationship.
     This paper extends the research on the relationship between the independent directors and corporate performance in literature. It helps to design the independent directors system in small and medium listed companies in emerging markets like China. It also provides an empirical evidence for the selection of independent directors to listed companies.
引文
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    ⑧王华,黄之骏.经营者股权激励、董事会组成与企业价值——基于内生性视角的经验分析[J].管理世界,2006,(9):101-116.
    ⑨王朝弟.中小商业银行公司治理机制与经营绩效关系的实证分析[J].南开管理评论,2007,(4):67-72.
    ⑩宋增基,袁茂,徐叶琴.中国上市银行独立董事制度的运行效率[J].金融论坛,2007,(11):49-54.
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    ② Rosenstein, S., Wyatt, J. G. Outside Directors, Board Independence and Shareholder Wealth[J]. Journal of Financial Economics,1990,26:175-191
    ③ Baysinger, Barry D., and Henry N. Butler, Corporate Governance and the Board of Directors:Performance Effects of Changes in Board Composition [J], Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization,1985,101-124.
    ④ Borokhovich, K. A., Parrino R. and Trapani T.. Outside Directors and CEO Selection [J]. The Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis,1996,3:337-355
    ⑤ Cotter J. F., Shivdasani A., Zenner M.. Do Independent Directors Enhance Target Shareholder Wealth During Tender Offers? [J]. Journal of Financial Economics,1997,43:195-218
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