摘要
磷脂(phospholipid)最早是由Uauquelin于1812年从人脑中发现，1930年，大豆磷脂被发现。磷脂近年来受到人们的格外关注，研究表明，它们具有活化细胞、促进脑发育、改进动脉管壁的组织结构、保持体内水分、参与机体代谢的功能。本文就是以菜油磷脂为研究对象，对它化学脱色和烷基化改性进行了深入的探讨研究。
首先，用丙酮萃取并分离菜油脚中的磷脂，以过氧化氢为脱色剂对此磷脂进行脱色，获得相关动力学参数，试验的结果如下：
(1)获得最佳脱色工艺参数：65℃，4％的过氧化氢，脱色30分钟较好。
(2)获得相关的脱色动力学参数：脱色反应速度与过氧化氢浓度的0.6199次方成正比，与色素浓度的0.3329次方成正比，反应的活化能为52.88KJ／mol。
(3)脱色对磷脂含量的影响：可以认为，用过氧化氢对磷脂进行脱色，基本不影响磷脂的含量，即磷脂的损失很小。
(4)脱色对磷脂品质的影响：脱色后磷脂的碘值降低，表明脱色程度好；乳化稳定性升高，表明乳化性增加；磷脂的色泽降低了40％，脱色效果比较理想；脱色过程使得过氧化值有所升高，这是不利的一面。
总体来说，用过氧化氢对磷脂进行化学脱色是很有效的方法，此种方法值得推广。
然后，在菜油磷脂中加入过量的溴甲烷进行烷基化改性，用HPLC法来检测改性前后菜油磷脂中卵磷脂含量变化，所得的结果如下：
(1)确定卵磷脂的出峰时间：HPLC法测定卵磷脂对照样的出峰时间为6.267分钟，从而确定出样品中卵磷脂的出峰时间。
(2)确定烷基化反应的工艺参数：菜油磷脂的烷基化反应所用的时间为2小时，在2小时之后反应基本停止；此改性反应受温度的影响较小，可以在室温下进行，但超过40℃后，改性剂可能挥发。
(3)磷脂的烷基化进程中，得出卵磷脂的含量为改性前的1.43倍，但从最终的HPLC图谱中看到，有副产物产生，不能确定脑磷脂是否减少。所以菜油磷脂的烷基化改性是否成功有待进一步证明。
Phospholipid were first found from humanbeing brain by Uauquelin in 1812 and soyabean phospholipid were found in 1930.1n recent years, phospholipid are got excessive attention . The research indicates that phospholipid have the function of activating ceil, promoting brain growth, improving artery blood vessel structure, keeping body water and participating in body metabolize etc .Phospholipid of rapeseed oil was in-depth observed to it's chemical decolor and aikylate modify.
At first, acetone was used to extract and separate phospholipid of rapeseed oil residue, which was discolored by hydrogen peroxide ,We obtained relevant kinetics parameter of discolored reaction, and the test results as follows:
(1) Obtained the optimal technical parameter of discolored :reaction temperature is 65 ℃,hydrogen peroxide concentration is 4% and discolored time is 30 minute.
(2) Obtained the relevant kinetics parameter of discolor : reaction order of hydrogen peroxide concentration to decolorizing effect is 0.6199, chromopexis concentration to decolorizing effect is 0.3329 and activation energy is 52.88Kj/mol.
(3) decolorizing influence to phospholipid content: we can think that using hydrogen peroxide for decolor to phospholipid almost didn't effect phospholipid content , it also meaned that phospholipid loss was very small.
(4) decolorizing influence to phospholipid quality : after decolored , iodine value of phospholipid was reduce ,which indicated decolored degree better ; emulsificed stability of phospholipid enhance , which meaned emulsification increase ; phospholipid chroma deduced 40% that indicated decolorizing effect relatively ideal ; decolorizing process made peroxide value increase , which was not anticipant.
As a whole , making use of hydrogen peroxide as a bleaching agent to decolorizing phospholipids of rapeseed oil is a very effective method , so it was value to popularize.
Then , putting excessive bromethane to phospholipid of rape oil for aikylate modify and using HPLC method to detect content of not modified phospholipid and modified phosphlipid , then we
obtained the result as follows: .
(1) Obtained lecithin appear apexes time: HPLC was established to detect appear apexes time of lecithin contrast, which was 6.267 minutes ,so we can get lecithin apexes time of sample.
(2)Obtained alkylate reaction technical parameter :reaction time of alkylate of rapeseed oil phospholipid was 2 hours .after 2 hours the reaction almost cease; this reaction by temperature influence was small ,which can be processed at room temperature ,yet once temperature excess 40℃, modified agent may volatilization.
(3) During alkylate reaction , we obtained lecithin content of sample is 1.43 times to of before modified , and we also get from HPLC chromatogram chart that there were byproduct come into being,so we can't assure cephalin whether or not deduce.
At last, alkylate modified of rapeseed oil phospholipid whether of not succeed need more testified.
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