摘要
现代战场上永备工事及野战工事多覆盖厚厚的土层,以降低来袭弹丸对其造成的冲击和破坏；各种浅埋地下指挥所和深埋地下指挥所多深入地下几米甚至几十米,对各类攻坚战斗部的毁伤效能提出了严峻的考验,大大提高了地下深层指挥防护工程的生存能力。动能侵彻战斗部由于受到发射平台的限制,难以得到大规模的应用,并且攻角以及着靶角对其侵彻威力有较大影响。聚能装药战斗部具有发射平台简单、可搭载于各种运载体的优点,而其爆炸形成的聚能侵彻体具有能量密度高、穿透能力强的特点,因此聚能装药在各类破障弹药、攻坚弹药中得到了广泛应用,携带聚能装药的串联攻坚战斗部作为一种比动能侵彻战斗部更先进的攻坚战斗部,近年来得到了各国的广泛关注。而作为攻坚战斗部对付的主要目标之一,现阶段开展聚能装药侵彻典型土壤/混凝土复合介质目标的研究具有重大现实意义。
本文主要采用理论分析和试验研究等方法,根据聚能射流侵彻典型土壤、混凝土目标的特点,研究了射流对典型土壤、混凝土目标的轴向侵彻和径向孔径增长过程。在此基础上,对聚能射流侵彻典型土壤/混凝土复合介质目标时,应力波在土壤/混凝土复合介质中的传播和衰减过程进行了分析,并研究了在不同情况下应力波对射流侵彻典型土壤/混凝土复合介质目标的影响。采用数值仿真计算了聚能装药爆轰波的传播及药型罩的压垮过程,结合X光实验和理论分析,得到了聚能射流速度、直径沿长度方向的分布及断裂时间常数；采用理论分析和试验研究相结合的方法,得到了不同情况下土壤、混凝土目标的靶板阻抗及应力波的传播和衰减规律,射流参数及土壤、混凝土参数可作为输入参数,用于计算聚能射流对土壤、混凝土及土壤/混凝土复合介质目标的侵彻孔形。
本文的主要研究内容包括以下几个方面：
1、聚能射流对土壤、混凝土目标的超声速侵彻
针对土壤、混凝土目标低密度、低声速的特点,将聚能射流对该类目标的侵彻过程分为超声速侵彻状态和亚声速侵彻状态两种情况。当侵彻速度大于靶板声速时,通过分析冲击波的强度、冲击波对轴向侵彻和径向孔径增长的影响,基于Alekseevskii-Tate (A-T)方程和Szendrei/Held方程,得到了超声速侵彻状态下聚能射流的轴向侵彻速度和侵彻孔的最终直径。当侵彻速度小于靶板声速时,聚能射流即由超声速侵彻状态转变为亚声速侵彻状态,此时靶板中不再有冲击波的影响,射流的侵彻速度和侵彻孔的最终直径可由A-T方程和Szendrei/Held方程计算得到。
2、双材质复合射流侵彻土壤、混凝土目标的径向孔径增长
根据双材质复合射流的形态特点,将双材质复合射流侵彻土壤、混凝土目标的过程分为单质射流侵彻、双滞止点侵彻和单滞止点侵彻三个阶段。在超声速侵彻模型的基础上,分别对三个阶段的径向孔径增长过程进行了分析,并计算了双材质复合射流的侵彻孔形。
3、聚能射流侵彻土壤/混凝土复合介质目标的工程计算模型
根据聚能射流侵彻土壤/混凝土复合介质目标时,对土壤和混凝土侵彻状态不同,将射流侵彻土壤/混凝土复合介质目标过程分为三种情况。1)对于覆土层较薄的土壤/混凝土复合介质目标,射流到达土壤/混凝土界面时,对土壤和混凝土的侵彻均处于超声速侵彻状态；2)随着覆土层厚度的增加,射流到达土壤/混凝土界面时,对土壤的侵均处于超声速侵彻状态,对混凝土的侵彻速度相对于透射波传播之后的材料声速为亚声速侵彻；3)当覆土层的厚度增加到一定程度,聚能射流在侵彻土壤的过程中,已经从超声速侵彻状态转变为亚声速侵彻状态,因而射流穿透土壤后对混凝土侵彻也为亚声速侵彻状态。针对以上三种情况,考虑到应力波在土壤/混凝土界面的传播,及其对聚能射流侵彻过程的影响,结合超声速侵彻理论,对聚能射流侵彻土壤/混凝土复合介质目标进行了分析,覆土层厚度约为2-3倍装药口径时,会使得聚能射流对土壤/混凝土目标的侵彻深度低于对混凝土目标的侵彻深度。
此外,本文还研究了聚能射流对弹丸头部结构物的侵彻效能,设计了新的聚能装药以提高射流对弹丸头部结构的抗干扰能力,并采用数值仿真和试验研究,将弹丸头部结构等效为一定厚度的均质靶板,简化了对聚能射流侵彻弹丸头部结构后射流参数的计算过程。
In order to reduce failure and damage of defence works under projectiles penetration, most defence works are covered by soil in modern battlefield. Shallow and deep command posts are going into the deep ground meters or even tens, and the protective capability of the underground command protection work is good. Now the most kinds of warhead can not meet the requirement of penetrated the defence works. The shaped charge warhead can be used in nearly almost kind of weapon transporters, such as missile, torpedo, and so on. The penetrator formed by shaped charge have many advantages, such as high energy density, penetration ability, and so on. Thus, the shaped charge has been widely used in the weapon to penetrate the defence works.
That was studied axial penetration and radial crater growth caused by shaped charge jet penetration in soil and concreted in this paper. The process of the stress wave transmitting and damping in the soil/concrete target was discussed when shaped charge jet penetration into soil/concrete target. And the influence of stress wave on the jet penetration was investigated. Numerical simulation was used to calculate the process of detonation propagation and liner collapse. The distribution of jet velocity and jet diameter along the length of the shaped charge jet and the fracture time constant was obtained by combining numerical simulation. X-ray experiments, and theoretical analysis. Moreover, the laws of target resistance and stress wave propagation and attenuation in soil and concrete were obtained by combining theoretical and experimental research. The hole profiles for soil, concrete, and soil/concrete target of jet penetration were described using the input parameters above.
Following aspects are included in this paper:
1. Supersonic penetration of shaped charge jet into soil and concrete target.
Given the low density and low sound velocity of soil and concrete, the effect of stationary shocks and compression cannot be neglected during the penetration process of shaped charge jets into concrete. This paper postulates that a stationary shock that results in the material characteristic alterations affecting the process of penetration and crater growth across the wave front is generated when the penetration velocity is greater than the sound velocity of concrete. A supersonic penetration model of shaped charge jet penetration and radial crater growth is presented by analyzing the influence of stationary shock and compression.
2. Radial crater growth for jacketed jet penetration into soil and concrete target.
The current study designs a shaped charge structure that could form a jacketed jet to enhance the cavity diameter created by a shaped charge jet into concrete. Moreover, three types of penetration modes during the process of jacketed jet penetration into concrete, including homogeneous jet penetration,"bi-erosion," and "co-erosion" are discussed. A two-step mechanism of cavity growth that contains the trajectory of flowing jet erosion products and the radial momentum of the target is used to describe the penetration modes. The final diameter of the jacketed jet penetration is greater than the core penetration caused by the larger cavity diameter in the first stage.
3. The engineering model of shaped charge jet penetration into soil/concrete target.
According to the thickness of the soil and the penetration state in soil and concrete, the process of jet penetration into soil/concrete target was divided into three cases. First, supersonic penetration occurs both in soil and concrete when jet reaches soil/concrete interface. Second, supersonic penetration occurs in soil and subsonic penetration occurs in concrete when jet reaches soil/concrete interface. Third, subsonic penetration occurs both in soil and concrete when jet reaches soil/concrete interface. Considering stress wave propagation and influence on jet penetration, this paper analysised the process of jet penetration into soil/concrete target for three cases above. The penetration depth of the jet into soil/concrete target is lower than that of a jet into a concrete target when the thickness of soil is2or3times the charge diameter.
Moreover, penetration performance of jet into forward section was studied in this paper. A new type liner was designed for reducing interference during jet penetration forward section and penetration ability increased. This article analyzed equivalent method and homogeneous target which is equivalent to the forward section, and equivalent thickness of homogeneous target was calculated.
引文
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