摘要
共和盆地位于青藏高原东北部的祁连山、昆仑山和秦岭之间,是一个山间断陷盆地。盆地东西长约210km,南北宽约60km,总面积约13800km2,大部分地区海拔高度在2600-3400m之间；年均气温2.0-3.3℃,年均降水量311.1～402.1mm,年均潜在蒸发量1528-1937mm。共和盆地位于我国季风边缘区,对气候和环境变化敏感,是深入研究我国全新世气候变化模式的理想区域。本文选择共和盆地4个风成沉积剖面为研究对象,通过光释光(OSL)测年与沉积地层层序变化,结合粒度组成、元素含量、磁化率和烧失量等代用指标,重建了共和盆地末次盛冰期以来的风沙活动历史及其与气候变化的联系,并与青藏高原东北部风成沉积和湖泊沉积记录的气候环境变化开展对比研究。得出以下结论和初步认识：
1、共和盆地腹地风成沉积CIA值小于65,处于初等化学风化程度。后期风化成壤作用对粒度改造作用不显著,剖面中粗颗粒含量变化可用来指示风沙活动历史。相比于A1元素,剖面中其他常量元素均没有明显的迁移和富集,基本保持了沉积过程的原始信息。
2、根据地层的层序变化,结合>63μm颗粒含量、敏感粒级组分含量以及Si02/Ti02比值的变化情况,发现共和盆地末次盛冰期以来存在4个风沙活动强烈时期,分别为20-18ka BP、12-11ka BP、9.4-7.8ka BP与6-5ka BP,4.5ka BP以来古土壤广泛发育。总体而言,共和盆地早-中全新世风沙活动强烈,晚全新世以来风沙活动受到一定程度的遏制。
3、共和盆地腹地TGM、MGTA和MGTB等3个剖面与位于盆地东南缘山前的GMY剖面在粒度、化学蚀变指数和磁化率等指标上呈现出不一致的变化,表明在区域范围内,海拔和地形对水热组合的重新分配,形成差异明显的气候环境,对粉尘的释放及沉积后改造具有重要影响。
4、在我国西北干旱-半干旱区,温度控制的区域有效湿度状况可能是风沙活动强度的主要控制因素。青海湖盆地和共和盆地风成沉积记录表明,早-中全新世风沙活动强烈,晚全新世风沙活动受到遏制。然而,青藏高原东北部大量的湖泊沉积记录却显示了早中全新世气候暖湿,晚全新世气候冷干的环境变化模式。风成沉积与湖泊沉积记录的青藏高原东北部的气候相反的变化事实,本质上反映了风成沉积和湖泊沉积对气候变化的差异响应。西北季风边缘区湖泊水位变化可能主要响应于亚洲季风影响的降水量变化。风沙活动强度受区域有效湿度控制,更多地响应于太阳辐射调节的温度变化。
The Gonghe Basin, located in the northeastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, is an intermountain fault basin. The basin is about210km long from east to west and60km wide from north to south, with a total area of about13800km2. The elevation of most parts of the basin is between2600and3400m. In the basin, average annual temperature is2.0～3.3℃, average annual precipitation is311.1～402.1mm and average annual potential evaporation is1528～1937mm. Due to its unique geographical location, the basin is sensitive to the climatic and environmental changes, and is an ideal site for the researches into the pattern of climatic changes during the Holocene. In this paper, four aeolian deposition sections in the Gonghe Basin were studied. Based on the optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating and the sedimentary stratigraphic sequences of the aeolian deposits, the history of aeolian activity and climatic changes in the Gonghe Basin since the last glacial maximum were reconstructed, in combination with climatic proxies, such as grain size, element content, magnetic susceptibility and loss on ignition. Meanwhile, the results were compared with climatic changes recorded by the aeolian depositions and lake sediments in the northeastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. The major conclusions are reached as follows:
1. For aeolian deposits in the hinterland of the Gonghe Basin, the chemical weathering is primary. Alternation of the pedogenesis on particle size is not significant. Coarse particles in the deposits can be used to indicate aeolian activity. Compared to the Al, the major elements in the profile have no obvious migration and enrichment and basically represent the pristine signals of dust depositions.
2. According to the stratigraphic changes, the>63μm particle content, the genetically sensitive components and the SiO2/TiO2ratio, four periods of the intense aeolian activity were identified in the Gonghe Basin since the last glacial maximum, namely,20～18,12～11,9.4～7.8and6-5ka BP. After4.5ka BP, paleosols widely developed in the basin. The aeolian activity was intensive in the early to middle Holocene, whereas it became weak during the late Holocene.
3. Changes in grain size, CIA and magnetic susceptibility of the TGM, MGTA and MGTB sections in the hinterland of the basin are different from those of the GMY section, which is located in the southeastern margin of the Gonghe Basin, close to the pedimonts. The difference suggests that moist and thermal redistributions due to elevation and topography across the basin can lead to distinctly different environments, which has an important influence on dust emission and its chemical alternation after deposition.
4. Dust emission is mainly affected by the wind strength and vegetation cover. In this study, surface soil humidity is likely to be the major controlling factor for aeolian activity. In the Qinghai Lake Basin and the Gonghe Basin, the aeolian activity was intensive during the early-middle Holocene and appeared to weaken during the late Holocene. However, a large number of climatic records from lake sediments in the northeastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau show an opposite climate change pattern:warm and humid during the early to middle Holocene, cold and dry during the late Holocene. Actually, this difference could be ascribed to the different responses of aeolian deposits and lake sediments to climatic changes. Water-level fluctuations in the marginal area affected by the Asian summer monsoon may be mainly in response to regional precipitation, whereas aeolian activity intensity may be controlled by the regional effective moisture, most likely in response to temperature changes regulated by the solar radiation.
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