摘要
技术变革加速的时代，一些企业尽管拥有强大的研发实力和主流市场的领导者地位，由于对技术发展趋势的错误判断，一再错失重要的发展机遇，如IBM、Microsoft。“在难以预测的动荡环境中如何获取、保持组织竞争优势、提高组织绩效”是企业组织，特别是高新技术企业面临的迫切问题。
本研究将技术范式作为刻画组织外部环境的核心变量，围绕“技术变革环境中如何获取竞争优势，提高组织绩效”这一企业组织面临的挑战，试图对“组织的战略适应能力能否提高组织绩效”这一问题做出解答，并分析战略适应性对组织绩效的作用机制、二者之间关系的调节机制。本研究在该领域现有文献分析、整理的基础上，提出了组织战略适应性能够提高组织绩效的基本理论假设，并将行业技术范式作为调节变量，研究技术范式变革的不同程度和维度对二者关系的调节作用；将组织吸收能力作为中介变量，研究组织战略适应性对组织绩效的作用机制，构建了一个整合的研究框架，提出了理论假设，并运用规范的实证研究方法对理论框架和假设进行了验证。
在实证研究过程中，本文首先对“技术范式”这一调节变量进行了量表开发，并运用现有研究中较为成熟的战略适应性、组织绩效、组织吸收能力量表，展开问卷调查。然后，运用问卷调查获得的数据，借助SPSS统计软件，运用回归分析等技术手段对研究中提出的假设进行了检验，得出了以下基本结论：（1）组织战略适应性与组织绩效之间的正相关关系得到支持，组织战略上的系统适应能力能够提高组织绩效；（2）技术范式在不同组成因素上的变革对战略适应性与组织绩效间关系存在不同程度的调节作用，其中，技术机会对资源灵活性和协调灵活性对组织绩效的提升方面均存在正向调节作用，但收益可获得性和技术累积性对协调灵活性与组织绩效关系的调节作用未得到支持；（3）战略适应性对组织绩效的作用机制方面，组织吸收能力起到了部分中介作用，其中，知识消化能力和知识转化能力在战略适应性与组织绩效间的起到了显著的中介作用，但知识获取能力的中介作用未得到支持。在以上研究结论基础上，对IBM进行案例研究，进一步验证了以上研究结论的有效性。
本研究的理论贡献主要体现在：首先，本研究在现有文献分析、综合的基础上，围绕研究的基本问题提出了一个较为完整的理论框架，将组织的动态适应性、组织绩效、行业技术范式、组织吸收能力等组织战略和行为的不同研究视角整合在一起，从“战略适应性与组织绩效”、“技术范式的调节作用”、“吸收能力的中介作用”三个方面来研究这个问题，丰富了该理论研究的方法；其次，针对“组织战略适应性能否提高组织绩效”这一问题在理论界存在的争议，本研究在中国环境中研究了企业组织的战略适应性与组织绩效的关系问题，丰富了这一领域的理论研究成果、拓展了该领域现有研究结论的适用性；第三，在对“技术范式变化是否能够调节战略适应性对组织绩效的影响”这一问题的研究中，本研究首先初步开发技术范式变革的指标体系，将技术范式的组成因素进行了进一步的细化，形成在企业层面测量技术范式变革的可操作性的量表；并通过实证研究论证了技术范式在不同层次和程度的变革对战略适应性与组织绩效二者关系的调节作用，从企业组织层面研究了技术范式变革这一行业因素对组织战略和行为的调节，丰富了这一领域的研究内容和研究层次；最后，在“组织战略适应性对组织绩效的作用机制”问题上，本研究提出将“吸收能力”作为中介变量，研究了组织战略适应性对组织绩效发挥作用的机制，论证了组织如何通过对外部信息的获取、消化和转移，将组织培育的在资源和协调方面的灵活性转化为组织竞争能力和绩效的提升，验证了组织对外部环境的了解如何转或成为组织战略和行为的问题。
本研究的结论对企业组织的管理实践具有一定的指导意义：首先，本研究支持组织的战略适应力作为组织竞争优势来源和组织绩效提升方式的结论，企业组织应当通过优化组织在研发、生产、营销等环节的资源配置和使用，来提高组织资源的灵活性；通过提高外部市场信息的持续监测、管理信息系统在日常管理中的运用、根据市场和技术环境的变化重新构造组织在开发、生产、分销、营销中可使用的资源链条的能力、内部结构上的灵活性、以及组织管理体系根据组织目标的变化调整地能力，来提高组织在协调上的灵活性。其次，作为组织外部环境的主要组成因素之一，技术范式及其各组成因素对组织战略适应能力的培育和组织绩效的提高具有重要的实践意义。企业组织应当根据技术范式在不同层次和程度上的变化，来培育组织适度的灵活性。这一点在一定程度上回答了Winter(2003)提出的管理实践中培育和保持动态适应能力的成本问题，在技术环境动荡程度较低的情况下，为应对技术变化带来的挑战，临时的问题解决机制可能在时间、成本方面具备优势，而如果行业中或者相关行业面临持续的、剧烈的技术变革，将组织的动态适应能力提高到战略层面就成为组织的必然之选。第三，技术范式变革对组织适应能力和组织绩效的意义也在一定程度上验证了现实的管理环境中“管理的有效性”与“对环境变化的适应能力”之间“相互抵消”的效应，企业组织不应仅仅满足于组织在结构上的适应能力，还应当在组织内部着力构建一种“情景两面性”，通过信任的组织文化、有支持力的领导、共同的文化和远景等组织在“软件”方面的建设，培育组织在管理上的“软性”的竞争力。最后，本研究证实了组织吸收能力作为其战略适应能力作用于组织绩效的中介的作用。企业组织要培育竞争优势、提高组织绩效，除了要培育组织在资源的适应能力、以及在协调上的灵活性之外，还应当提高组织对外部环境新知识的获取、消化和向组织内部的转化。这一点对组织学习和组织知识管理具有重要意义。
Strategic flexibility is commonly recognized as an important weapon for sustainingcompetitive advantage in dynamic environment and many companies have investedheavily on monitoring the technological trends, manage the organizational knowledge.Researchers have investigated strategic flexibility, absorptive capacity, technologicalregimes, and organizational performance. However, most of the current empiricalresearch has explored these factors in isolation. To fill this gap, this thesis develops aresearch model that interconnects the above factors to investigate the workingmechanism of strategic flexibility on organization performance, employing absorptivecapacity as the intermediary role and technological regimes as the regulatory effects.
This thesis focuses on three questions:
1. Can strategic flexibility improve the organizational performance? This remains aquite controversial issue among the research field.
2. How does strategic flexibility affect the organizational performance?Organizational flexibility is viewed to be formulated by acquisition, socialization,and internalization of external knowledge among the organization.
3. In a dynamic environment, technological regimes evaluate in differentdimensions and levels. How does the evaluation extent in technological regimesmoderate the relationship between flexibility and performance?
A questionnaire-based survey is conducted in56small and medium-sized firms in ITindustry in Beijing, Dalian, Shandong and Jiangsu.26hypothesized propositions aretested based on the survey data. In the guidance of the primary conclusions, IBM, asthe leading IT corporation is studied to prove and modify the research conclusion.
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