摘要
随着反舰导弹技术的快速发展,其隐蔽性、命中精度和战斗部装药质量大幅提高,舰艇面临着越来越严酷的爆炸环境和威胁。由战斗部爆炸瞬间产生的冲击波和高速破片群对舰艇的船体结构、舰载设备和人员造成不同程度的损伤,从而使舰艇丧失正常执行任务的能力甚至破损沉没。
从各种反舰武器的攻击特点来分析,半穿甲内爆式反舰导弹是大型水面舰船的主要威胁。其攻击过程和特点是：(a)掠海飞行接近攻击目标,以避开舰船雷达搜索；(b)末端以接近水平姿态撞击舰船舷侧,依靠自身动能穿透舷侧外板,同时触发延时引信；(c)进入舰体内部爆炸,产生强烈的冲击波和高速破片群对舰体内部结构造成破坏。
针对半穿甲内爆式反舰导弹的攻击特点,大型水面舰船可以利用其内部空间较大的优势,通过设置多层防爆舱室采用“逐层防护”的思想将反舰导弹的能量吸收。虽然国外在大型水面舰船舷侧防护结构方面已经有了较成熟的设计思想,但如果仅仅生搬硬套,则无法因地制宜的根据目前的反舰武器战斗部载荷特点和作战要求设计有针对性的防护舱室,不可能准确可靠的设计舱室细部尺寸,因而也就无法保证所设计舰船防护结构的整体效能。掌握爆炸载荷下防护结构响应的准确计算和分析方法是研究防护机理、评估防护效能和优化设计防护结构的关键所在。
透过现象看本质,战斗部爆炸载荷下复合多层防护结构响应的过程包含三个基础科学问题,即战斗部载荷、冲击载荷下材料的动态特性以及结构在战斗部爆炸载荷下的响应。本文围绕这三个基础问题并以复合多层防护结构为对象,开展了相关的理论推导、数值计算和模型实验方面的研究工作。
在舱室内爆炸载荷的数值计算中,关键的问题是对冲击波阵面上的强间断的处理。本文通过基于通量修正的高精度数值算法LCPFCT在强间断处加入非线性的反耗散来解决这一问题。采用现有的通用程序Autodyn中的Euler-FCT求解器对有舱壁开孔的舱内爆炸冲击波传播过程进行了计算分析,并通过实验验证了所采用的数值计算方法在评估有泄出情况下(模拟舱壁破损)的舱室内冲击波载荷特性方面的准确性,总结得到了可靠的数值计算方法。
能合理描述材料在动态载荷下的力学行为的本构关系是结构响应计算的前提和必要条件。本文以研究模型材料动态力学性能实验为基础,获得了合理描述材料动态力学性能的本构模型；并经Taylor杆实验的数值模拟对材料的本构模型进行了确认。
战斗部爆炸产生的载荷包括冲击波和高速破片群,破片群的空间分布会直接关系到结构的破坏位置和模式。本文采用SPH方法对圆柱形战斗部爆炸时壳体膨胀碎裂至形成自然破片的过程进行了三维数值模拟计算,得到了战斗部的破片特性和等效裸装药量,为结构响应计算提供准确的输入载荷。本文提出了战斗部破片特性(质量分布、空间分布和速度特性)计算的数值方法,弥补了现有的理论公式和计算模型不能准确描述破片群详细特征的不足。
采用双层舱室结构模型进行了不同装药量的舱内爆炸实验,研究了舱内爆炸载荷特性及三种不同的角隅过渡连接结构型式对冲击波在角隅汇聚情况的影响,比较了不同角隅处的爆炸冲击波压力的分布情况,分析了舱内爆炸冲击载荷与结构的相互作用过程。通过能量分析并结合镜像法(MOI)的思想,得到了舱内爆炸的等效能量,建立了舱内压力流出的计算模型,提出了考虑舱壁开孔与爆源相对位置的舱内爆炸压力的简化计算方法,并进行了实验验证。
通过实验的方法研究了复合多层防护结构在战斗部爆炸产生的冲击波和破片群耦合作用下的破坏模式,以及舱壁开孔对结构破坏的影响和结构冲击响应的传递特征,对比分析了空舱和液舱在战斗部爆炸载荷作用下的变形和破坏,得到了液舱对破片和冲击的防护机理。在实验现象和结果分析的基础上,对复合多层防护结构的抗爆设计提出了建议。
采用流固耦合方法和多求解器分项处理的方式,对复合多层防护结构战斗部内爆炸的实验过程进行了数值计算。采用本文中第四章的数值方法得到了战斗部爆炸产生的自然破片的质量分布、空间分布和速度特性,并通过SPH与Shell耦合的方式直接为复合多层防护结构提供了自然破片的打击载荷。同时采用Euler与Shell耦合的方式实现了战斗部等效裸装药产生的冲击波与复合多层防护结构数值模型的相互作用。实现在战斗部内爆炸载荷下复合多层防护结构响应过程的数值计算,并将数值计算结果与实验结果进行了对比。本文提出了破片和冲击波耦合作用下结构响应的数值计算方法。
针对反舰武器战斗部爆炸产生的高速破片对液舱的穿透过程,综合考虑了破片的穿甲效应,舱内液体对破片的阻碍作用以及破片在液体中运动时产生的压力对液舱内板抗穿甲效应的影响,在一定假设条件的基础上建立了理论分析模型,结合Wen-Jones模型提出了液舱对爆炸破片防御的判据。采用数值计算方法对单发破片和双发破片穿过液舱的过程进行了研究,揭示了双发破片穿透液舱过程中冲击波的叠加效应和液舱内板受到的载荷分布规律。此外,从本文的实验现象和研究结论为出发点,对提高液舱防护能力的措施进行了探讨和研究。
The impulsive load inside a naval vessel is due to an explosion, which is clearly a major hazard that can result in severe structural damage and even sinking. The explosion source is assumed to be an anti-ship missile, striking the hull just above the water line. Internal blast occurs when the hull is breached before detonation. Anti-ship missiles designed to explode inside the vessel have armor piercing or semi-armor piercing capability with delayed action detonation to maximize the caused damage. These anti-ship missiles often have out-standing ability in See Invisibility and hit precision. Under such situations the combined effect of blast pressure and fragment impact on the structure is possibly more severe than the effects of blast or fragments alone, particularly for the close-range internal explosions.
Considering the serious damage effects caused by the anti-ship missile, multi-layer protective structures have been applied to the large surface ships. The main function of the multi-layer protective structure of a ship is to prevent the inner cabins from being destroyed by the weapons. Although concept of the multi-layer protective structures has been advanced in the world for several decades, its defense objects are some traditional anti-ship arm, i.e. torpedo, mine and anti-ship missile. Moreover, an appropriate design of multi-layer protective structures, which is severed as 'guard' structure under the threat of modern weapons, should be based on a reasonable study of its mechanism. A method that can precisely calculate and analyze the response of protective structure under the explosion loadings is the key to investigate the mechanism of anti-explosion structure, estimate the effect of protection and get reasonable structure.
Generally speaking, there are three basic scientific problems lie in the response of multi-layer protective structure under explosion loadings, namely the loadings from the warhead of anti-ship missile, the dynamic characteristic of materials under impact and the reasonable calculation method of structure response. In this paper, these problems are mainly considered theoretically, experimentally and numerically.
Good resolution of steep gradients is important in numerical calculation of shock wave propagation. The high resolution LCPFCT algorithm is employed to solve the problem of steep gradients. Additionally, the Euler-FCT solver in Autodyn code is adopted to calculate the propagation process of shock wave inner a cabin with an venting hole in the cabin wall. An experiment was conducted to validate the accuracy of the numerical method in investigating the blast load in the cabin with an venting hole, which is used to simulate the rupture of the cabin wall.
A reasonable constitutive model is of great important in calcaulation of the strcutre response, by which the mechanics behavior of material under dynamic load can be presented appropriately. In this paper, a constitutive model in the form J-C model is acquired based on the experiemtal investigation of material's dynamic mechanical properties. The parameters of the constitutive model are validate by comparing the numerical results with the Taylor cylinder test.
Explosively driven fragmentation of ductile metals is a very complex phenomenon in which the fragmenting material is plastically deformed by the intense shock followed by high-rate plastic deformation that ultimately leads to fracture. The damage effect of explosive filling metal casing mainly includes the fragments and shock wave. In the conditions of near field explosion, the spatial distribution of fragments with powerful penetrability has considerable influence on the failure pattern of the target. Many circumstances arise where a much more sophisticated treatment is necessary to predict the fragmentation features accurately over the entire length of a cylinder including the ends. Such calculation may be required to investigate the differences in initiation sites of the high explosive, properties of casing materials, and irregular shapes of casing. However, there are no corresponding theoretical analysis models. In this paper, the Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) method is used to investigate numerically the fragmentation process of a cylindrical metal casing with ends. After applying the numerical method to predict the propagation of detonation wave, the expansion and rupture process, the expansion velocity of metal casing, the leakage of detonation products and the fragment distribution, the fragment mass distribution is validated by comparing the numerical results with experimental data in the literature. Additionally, an experiment was conducted with the same explosive fragmentation geometry as modeled. Thus, the equivalent bare charge and fragment loading can be determined in the calculation of response of multi-layer structure.
The double cabin model is manufactured to conduct the explosion experiment with different shape and mass of explosive charge, and the influence of three connection patterns of the corner structure on the converge of shock wave is studied. The explanation of shock wave convergence is given by the method of images. The interaction process between the blast loading and the structure is analyzed. Based on energy analysis and combination of MOI method, the equivalence energy of the charge is determined. Besides, the analytical model of calculation the outflow of blast pressure is proposed. The calculation method of blast pressure in cabin, which is relate to the relative position between charge site and the venting on the wall of cabin, is presented eventually.
In order to investigate the synergistic effect of blast wave and fragment impact loadings on the multi-layer protective structure. An experiment is conducted in which the metal casing filled with TNT charge (MCTC), which is used to simulate the warhead of anti-ship weapon, explodes inside an empty cabin of the first layer of the multi-layer protective structure. A protective structure model with four layers and the MCTC model are designed and manufactured. According to the distribution of fragments and the equivalent bare charge of the MCTC determined by a numerical method, the MCTC model is placed appropriately in the experimental structure. From the experimental results, the failure pattern of the multi-later protective structure under the synergistic effect of blast wave and fragment impact loadings, the releasing effect of the venting hole in the transverse bulkhead, the function of the liquid cabins in the multi-layer protective structure and the shock responses of the cabins are investigated. The synergistic effect of blast wave and fragment impact loadings for the stiffened plates is also presented in the experiment by comparing the deformation and the rupture of the air-backed and water-backed plate. Finally, some conclusions are drawn and some suggestions for the design of multi-layer protective structure are put forward.
The experiment of a multi-layer protective structure under the synergistic effect of blast and fragment loadings is numerically simulated by using of fluid-structure coupling and the method of multi solvers processing. The fargemt loading is obtained by the numerical mentod described in Chapter4and apply to the structure by combining the SPH and Shell slover. Besides, the balst load from equivalent bare charge is imposed to the structure by Euler-Shell coupling. A numerical method that can simulate the response and rupture of a multi-layer protective structure under the synergitci effects of blast and fragment impct loadings is presented.
In this paper, based on the velocity loss analysis and Wen-Jones model, taking the influence of pressure produced by the moving fragment on the anti-perforation ability of inner-plate into account, a criterion is given to determine whether the guarding fluid cabin is effective. Besides, numerical simulations were conducted to investigate the process of single and double fragments penetrate the water cabin. The results indicate that there is an apparent additive effect of shock wave in water cabin caused by the impact of double fragments, and the position with high pressure of shock wave occurs is related to the distance between fragments. The double fragments impacting overpressure of shock wave and the pressure endured by inner plate are two times more than that of single fragment case. The present research laid the groundwork for the future study of the response of fluid cabins under fragments impact.
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