摘要
近年来,主观幸福感(SWB)成为心理学、社会学和经济学研究的热点问题,但由于幸福感的测量以及数据的问题,国内对我国居民幸福感的研究还有待进一步深入分析。本文主要从经济学的角度出发,针对转型期我国社会结构流动性较强的特点,首次实证探讨了社会阶层、社会资本、收入分配以及社会保障等方面的因素对我国居民幸福感的影响状况,丰富了我国主观幸福感的研究。
本文在考察社会阶层对主观幸福感的影响时,从收入、职业地位和教育水平三个方面界定人们的社会阶层。首先,在收入方面,通过广义有序离散变量回归和分位数回归检验了我国“幸福悖论”的状况,从社区相对收入、相对消费的角度检验了社会比较理论,同时分析了社会比较理论的对称性和非对称性影响。其次,分析了工作满意度和主观幸福感的关系,从晋升、收入、人际关系、工作环境和工作福利等方面对工作满意度进行了探讨。并且从技术或职称、管理位置、国家行政级别和单位类型四个方面界定了职业地位,进而分析了对主观幸福感的影响。最后,从先赋因素的角度分析了转型期居民教育的可得性问题对主观幸福感的影响。
与社会阶层一样,社会资本也是目前经济学等学科中广受关注的问题,而基于微观调查数据,从社会资本的角度对居民幸福感的分析很少。越来越多的研究发现,社会资本是影响经济增长、居民福利的重要因素之一。本文从信任、人际交往、社团和政治身份的角度阐释了社会资本的概念,并且通过相关分析对我国转型期居民的社会资本的转变状况进行了探讨。然后采用回归的方法实证分析了社会资本对我国居民幸福感的影响。
另外,目前收入分配与社会保障已成为我国进一步深化市场改革,改善民生的关键问题。本文首先从总体上分析了收入分配状况以及收入差距对幸福感的影响,然后分别从性别收入差距和城乡收入差距的角度对幸福感的影响进行了探讨,最后从市场经济和制度的角度分别探讨了性别收入差距和城乡收入差距的影响因素。社会保障是提高民生的核心问题,本文基于我国老龄化社会的现状,从老年人幸福感的角度检验了2009年“新农保”政策的有效性问题,并且对老年人的健康和医疗保险对幸福感的影响进行了深入的探究。
本文的最大创新之处在于：(1)首次从社会阶层、社会资本、收入分配和社会保障等角度分析了社会经济因素对主观幸福感的影响；(2)采用非参数计量分析、非线性面板数据模型等方法对“幸福悖论”以及收入差距的影响因素进行了探讨；(3)从幸福感的角度实证检验了“新农保”政策的效果,并对老年人幸福感的影响因素进行了全面的分析。
总之,本文从微观计量的角度分析了社会经济因素对主观幸福感的影响。从中得到的结论主要有,(1)社会阶层对我国居民幸福感具有显著影响,具体而言,随着人们幸福水平的上升,收入对幸福的影响越来越小。相对消费对幸福感的影响比相对收入更高,收入和消费对幸福感存在非对称性的影响,高于平均水平者的幸福感所受影响更小。居民的职业地位越高,幸福感水平越高。先赋因素对教育水平存在显著的影响,教育水平越高,幸福感越高。(2)社会资本越高,居民的主观幸福感越高。人际关系对居民幸福感的影响具有非常显著的作用；信任对幸福感的影响随信任对象的不同而存在显著差异；在我国国情下,政治身份与居民幸福感具有很高的相关性。(3)收入分配和社会保障对居民主观幸福感也具有明显的作用。总体收入差距、性别收入差距和城乡收入差距对居民的幸福感具有重要影响,传统因素和制度因素影响了性别收入和城乡收入的差异。“新农保”政策的实施在一定程度上显著了提高了居民的幸福感,提高老年人的身体健康状况和完善医疗保险制度对提高老年人的幸福感具有重要的意义。
In recent years, subjective well-being (SWB) is the hot issues of psychology, sociology and economics. In contrast, due to the limited data problems, the influential factors of the well-being on Chinese residents deserved to be further analyzed. From an economic point of view, focusing on the characteristics of the strengthen mobility of the social structure in transitional China, this paper examined will the influence of the social section of class, social capital, income distribution and social security the four areas socio-economic factors on the subjective well-being, and it enriched the study of subjective well-being.
This paper defined social class as income, occupational status and education. Through generalized ordered discrete variable regression and quantile regression, we tested the situation of "happiness paradox" in our country, and furthermore from community relative income, relative consumption point of view, we tested social comparison theory, and then we analyzed the symmetry and asymmetry effects of social comparison theory. We defined the relationship between job satisfaction and subjective well-being, and analyzed job satisfaction from the promotion, income, interpersonal relations, working conditions and job benefits. Then we defined occupational status from a professional title, management position, the state administrative level and unit, and analyzed its impact on subjective well-being. Finally, from the perspective of ascription factors, we analyzed the Chinese residents' availability of education issues impact on subjective well-being during the transition time.
Social capital attracted very much by economists and other social scientists, but there were little happiness researches from the perspective of social capital based on micro survey data. More and more researches had found that social capital had a great impact on the economic growth and the welfare of the residents. In this paper, we re-interpret the concept of social capital from trust, interpersonal, community and political fields, and discussed the social capital situation of the residents of China in transition. Then return to the way empirical analysis of social capital on well-being of our residents.
The income distribution and social security has become the key issues for further deepen market reforms and improving people's livelihood. Firstly, this paper analyzed the impact of overall income distribution and income disparity on the Well-being. Secondly, discussed the relationship of the both from the view of gender income gap and the income gap between urban and rural. Finally, analyzed the factors which improve the income gap from the view of market economy and the angles of the system. Social security is the core issues to improve the livelihood, based the status of our aging society, this paper examined the effectiveness of the "the new farmer insurance" in 2009 from the perspective of elderly well-being, and then deeply discussed the health status and medical insurance effects on the well-being.
The biggest innovations of this paper is that:1)Analyzed the impact of socio-economic factors on the SWB from the social class, social capital, income distribution and social security; 2)Using nonparametric analysis, nonlinear panel data model methods analyzed the "happiness paradox" and the influencing factors on the income gap; 3)Analyzed the "new farmer's insurance" policy effect from the perspective of well-being of the elderly, and then conducted a comprehensive analysis of the influencing factors on the well-being.
In short, this paper analyzed the impact of socio-economic factors on the SWB from the micro-econometric perspective. The main conclusions were that, the impact of income on the SWB was becoming smaller as people getting happier. The effect of the relative consumption on the SWB was bigger than the relative income, and both\of them existed the non-symmetry effects, higher than the average would suffer less. The higher the occupational status of residents, the higher the level of well-being. Ascribed factors had significantly impact on the level of education, the higher education level, the higher happiness. The overall income gap, the gender income gap and income gap between urban and rural had a major impact on the SWB, the traditional factors and institutional factors affect gender differences in income and urban-rural income separately. The implementation of "The new farmer's insurance" policy significantly improve the well-being of residents to some extent, improve the medical insurance system would improve the elderly well-being significantly.
引文
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