摘要
信息与通信技术(ICT)对经济发展的重要作用不言而喻,但信息技术在推进过程中出现了极大的不平衡性,即“数字鸿沟”(Digital Divide)。“数字鸿沟”不仅存在于国家与国家之间,而且存在于一个国家内部的不同地区之间和阶层之间,“数字鸿沟”的存在阻碍了经济发展,影响了社会进步和稳定,如何缩小数字鸿沟,已经引起全世界的广泛关注。
我国区域数字鸿沟切实存在,且有逐年增大的趋势,定量测度我国区域数字鸿沟,找出区域数字鸿沟特征和形成原因,是制定有针对性政策和策略,弥合区域数字鸿沟的重要前提,因此研究并建立系统的、全面的、具有实际可操作性的数字鸿沟影响因素模型和测度模型,具有很强的理论和现实意义。在弥合数字鸿沟的过程中,尤其是伴随Wleb 2.0业务应用出现了从事生产的消费者(Prosumers),Prosumers在带来互联网信息内容资源大幅增长的同时,也带来了互联网内容管制的新问题。弥合数字鸿沟需要政府和企业等的多方参与,通信运营商发展增值业务是弥合数字鸿沟的一个良好方式。
本文基于对前人已有研究的回顾,给出了数字鸿沟的概念定义：“数字鸿沟指的是不同社会群体之间在以互联网为代表的信息与通信技术,以及传统信息技术的接入和应用上的差距”,并将数字鸿沟的操作定义定义为“信息化水平的差距”。基于此定义和前人研究,运用解释结构模型建立了我国区域数字鸿沟影响因素模型(即理想测度模型),模型显示信息资源、设备资源和信息应用是数字鸿沟的三个直接影响因素。
在模型基础上,基于三个直接影响因素,综合运用因子分析和主成分分析、层次分析法,选择具有代表性、可比性和可行性的一系列指标建立了一个信息化水平测度指标体系,其中突出了以互联网为代表的信息资源和信息应用方面的指标数量和权重。
基于数字鸿沟的概念定义和操作定义,本文给出了数字鸿沟测度的一般概念模型和基于绝对差距和时间距离法的“鸿沟”测度模型,使用鸿沟指数和鸿沟的时间距离指数分别测度信息化水平、信息资源、设备资源、信息应用的绝对差距和时间距离。
本文对信息化水平和数字鸿沟直接影响因素进行了绝对差距和时间距离的测度。在时间距离测度中,本文给出了基于动态增长率的时间距离测算方法。通过数字鸿沟三个直接影响因素的鸿沟指数和鸿沟的时间距离指数的三维比较,以及绝对差距和时间距离测度结论的比较,本文得出如下结论：绝大多数省份的3个准则层指标的鸿沟指数和时间距离都存在“一荣俱荣,一损俱损”的特性。数字鸿沟指数的发展存在马太效应,但时间距离不存在马太效应。信息化水平较高,超前全国水平的地区和信息化水平较低,滞后全国水平的地区,应当分别按照“信息资源>信息应用>设备资源”和“设备资源>信息资源>信息应用”的优先级路径来弥合区域数字鸿沟。绝对差距和时间距离测度在随着时间发展鸿沟是否得到弥合上得到的结论不一致,并且绝对差距测度得出的政策建议结论与实际有所背离,因此同时使用两种方法测度数字鸿沟很有必要。
本文采用层次聚类法的距离测度和相关测度,基于我国区域信息化水平指数值和排名对31个地区进行了分类。距离测度结果显示我国信息化水平呈现明显的“东高西低”的区域特性。在相关测度中,本文基于数字鸿沟直接影响因素指标的排名,总结出了15种“促进”类型,并对31省各年的类型进行了划分,其结果可用作制定政策的重要参考。
弥合我国数字鸿沟的政策制定要从两个角度出发：地区角度和数字鸿沟直接影响因素角度,同时兼顾政府和其他政策主体。
信息资源需要丰富,但互联网信息垃圾,尤其是不良信息不是有用的信息资源,针对Wleb 2.0时代用户的参与行为带来的互联网内容资源的急速增加和随之而来的互联网内容监管问题,本文将管制看做具有可替代性的“产品”,建立了一个由政府、Wleb 2.0互联网业务运营商和Prosumers构成的三方博弈模型,分析了合作博弈和非合作博弈时各方的最优管制量。结果显示合作能降低最优管制力度,并带来更多的收益,因此对于三方是非常必要的。当旁支付存在时,合作对于政府和运营商来说尤为重要,应当激励各方合作共同进行管制。本文还给出了关于合作方式的一些建议。
基于定制终端的移动增值业务是丰富信息资源、促进信息应用的良好方式,并且具有典型的双边市场特征。本文建立了一个卖方有两个主体的双边市场模型,基于运营商收益最大化的前提,对运营商如何通过定价策略吸引更多CPs/SPs.手机厂商和最终用户进行了讨论。在业务运营初期,运营商应当在自身具有的优势客户资源基础上,通过各种宣传及优惠甚至免费或补贴的方式,吸引最终用户登录到增值业务平台上,培养最终用户的业务消费习惯,并以此促进平台良性发展。而在平台运营的稳定发展阶段,终端厂商、CPs/SPs和最终用户规模都相对稳定,合理的定价模式能够保障平台的稳定运行,降低平台两端参与者的“离平台率”。在具体定价时,应关注平台两边的用户规模、交叉网络效应的影响、交易次数、平台技术匹配等对价格结构有重要影响的因素,选择合适的价格结构以促进基于定制终端的移动增值业务平台的良性发展,进而弥合数字鸿沟。
It is self-evident that Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) play important roles in economic development, but there has been great imbalance during the diffusion of ICTs, which is called the "Digital Divide".Digital Divide exists not only among countries, but also in the different regions or classes within a country. The Digital Divide is an obstacle to economic development and an influence factor to the development and stability of the society. Hence how to bridge the Digital Divide has attracted worldwide attention.
There is a distinct regional digital divide in China which is increasing year by year. To measure the quantitative regional digital divide, find out the characteristics and real factors of regional digital divide in China are important prerequisite of targeted policies and strategies to bridge the regional digital divide. So the studies on establishing a systematic, comprehensive, practical and workable model of the factors and measurement for digital divide are of great theoretical and practical significance. In the process of bridging the digital divide, with the emergence of prosumers followed by the applications of Web 2.0 services, the internet content resources grows rapidly which also raises new problems of Internet content regulation. Meanwhile, to bridge the digital divide needs the participation of multi-stakeholders including ont only the government but also telecommunications operators, which can bridge the digital divide in an effective way with the value-added services'development, and so on.
Based on the review of literatures, the conceptual definition of digital divide is defined as "The Digital Divide refers to the gaps of access and use of ICTs, which is represented by the Internet, and traditional information technologies in different social groups." While the operational definition is defined as "The Digital Divide is the gap of the informatization levels." Based on these two definitions and previous research, the China's digital divide influence factors relations model,which can also be the ideal digital divide measurement model, is established by using the interpretive structural model (ISM). The model shows that information content resources (ICR), information infrastructure resources (ⅡR) and information use (IU) are the three direct factors to digital divide.
Based on the above model and from the respect of three direct factors, the informatization level indices (ILI) are established by the integrated use of factor analysis, principal component analysis and analytic hierarchy process (AHP). Indicators in the indices are all representative, comparable and feasible, which highlights the information content resources and information use of Internet by means of the number and weights of relative indicators.
Based on the conceptual and operational definitions of digital divide, the general conceptual measurement model of digital divide, the measurement model of divide base on the absolute difference and time distance are established to measure the absolute difference and time distance of informatization levels, information content resources, information infrastructure resources and information use among 31 regions in China.
The absolute difference and time distance of informatization levels and direct factors of the digital divide are measured in this paper. In the time distance measurement, a time distance calculation method based on dynamic growth rate is given.According to the three-dimensional comparison among the divide indices or the divide's time distance indices of the three direct factors, and the conclusion comparison between the obvious difference measurement and the time distance measurement, following conclusions are made:the absolute differences and the time distances of the three direct factors of the same provice are all negative or positive in most of the regions.The yearly development of the digital divide index (DDI) has the Mathew Effect, while the digital divide's time distance index (DDTDI) does not. The regions with high informatization level and lead for the average level of the nation should follow the priority of "ICR>IU>IIR" to bridge the digital divide, while the regions with low informatization level and lag behind the average level of the nation should follow the priority of "IIR>ICR>IU". There are differences in the "bridged or not" conclusions in the measurement of absolute difference and time distance. Policy recommendations of regional development priority path raised by the use of absolute differences are kind of actual departed, so it is of great necessary to use both the two methods to measure digital divide.
In this paper, hierarchical clustering method of distance measure is used to cluster the 31 regions based on the ILI, and the conclusion shows that there is a significant "high-east and low-west" regional characteristic of the informatization level.Hierarchical clustering method of related measure is used to cluster the regions into 15 "promotion types" based on the rankings of three direct factors for each province in each year. Provinces are divided into different "promotion types" which can be important references for policy making.
Policies for bridging the regional digital divide in China should be made from two angels:the angel of regions and the angel of direct factors of digital divide. The main bodies of polices should include the government and other stakeholders.
Information content resources need to be enriched, but the Internet information-garbage, especially the harmful information is not useful content resource. The introduction of Web 2.0 raises new problems of Internet content regulation. This paper sets up a three-person game model including government, Web 2.0 Internet service operators and prosumers and discusses the optimal regulation intensity of them both in non-cooperative and cooperative cases.Cooperation can reduce the optimal regulation intensity and bring more profit for the players.When side payments are allowed, cooperation is especially important for the government and Internet operators. Cooperation and side payments should be encouraged and realized in various ways to effectively regulate the Web 2.0 Internet content. Suggestions on cooperation patterns are also given in this paper.
Mobile value-added services based on customized terminals are good ways to enrich the information content resources and to promote the information use,whose value chain have the typical characteristics of two-sided markets.The paper discusses pricing models for mobile value-added services based on customized terminals with two agents on seller side, which has not been addressed by previous research. The paper discusses how to attract more CPs/SPs, terminal manufacturers and end users through pricing strategies based on the premise of maximizing the return of operators. At the participants'accumulation stage, operators should attract customers (including personal customers and business customers) to log in to the platform based on their own advantages in resources of customers by using various kinds of propagandas and promotions, even by free or subsidized way. Operators should train customers' consumption habit of using the mobile value-added services based on customized terminals so as to promote healthy development of platforms.When the participants have been gathered to a certain size, the two-sided market will enter the stage of stable development, rational pricing model can ensure stable operation of the platform, lower the "churn rate" of participants away from the platform on both sides.Network size, cross-network externalities, number of transactions and platform matching technology are the main factors influencing price levels that should be considered in specific pricing.Operator should select the appropriate price structure to facilitate the platform of healthy development, thus bridging the digital divide.
引文
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