摘要
学术不端问题一直是学术界的顽疾,近年来我国学术丑闻频频曝光,不但危害学术活动本身,也使社会对学者治学及高校教学的真实状况充满怀疑。目前我国有关学术不端的研究和实践大多集中在宏观政策制度、法律法规层面或微观的个体道德教育层面,但效果尚不是十分理想。
本文力图从中观的伦理层面开展研究。首先从文、史、哲、教育等方面,通过比较“伦理”和“道德”的区别对伦理进行界定,认为伦理是在上位价值目标指导下的共同体层面上达成共识并由成员遵循的行为规则,既能产生巨大的行动合力,也可能在现实中被误用,形成难以控制的局面。通过追溯我国古代从伦理层面组织社会、解决社会问题的传统,及近代西方伦理学的引入过程,探寻了我国目前普遍以“道德”作为解读社会问题定势视角的原因。
然后从伦理视角分析学术共同体,认为“学术操守”是学术共同体中学术美德和学术规范的统称,论证了学术的可持续发展是学术操守的目标,提出影响广泛的默顿的学术共同体规范标准其实是学术美德,而学术规范应是由学术共同体制定并要求全体成员遵循的底线性行为规则,提出学术操守的四个原则。改善高校学生的学术操守是解决学术不端问题的实践着力点。
接下来本文从理论和实践引入美国高校学生学术操守的成功案例,梳理了美国高校学生学术操守研究的100多年历史发展,其成功的关键在于将学生学术操守的改善落实到高校层面的荣誉守则的推行。本文还探索了实施传统荣誉守则的普林斯顿大学以及实施改良荣誉守则的马里兰大学的学术操守体系的运行模式和特点,比较它们的异同,并进行系统科学的构成及演化分析,进而得出美国高校学生学术操守之所以成功的实践规律。
最后将伦理视角下美国高校学生学术操守研究在理论和实践中的启示迁移到我国情境中,提出建立美德-规范-法律的学术操守保障机制、高校应担负学生学术操守改善之责任、建立既定学术操守反馈机制等建议,从而提高高校学生学术操守水平,为社会培养合格公民,并最终改善社会学术环境。
Academic misconducts have been plaguing the academic communities for a long time. In recent years, the frequent domestic academic scandals coming to light, not only harm the academic activities, but also make the situation of the scholarship and teaching and learning in Colleges and universities full of social doubts. The current researches and practices on academic misconduct in China mostly concentrate on a Macro level of policies, measures, laws and regulations, or a micro level of individual moral education. But the overall effect is unsatisfactory.
This paper attempts to conduct a study from the medium level of ethics. Firstly,"ethics" in this paper is defined through the comparison of "ethics" and "morality" from the perspective of semantics, history, philosophy and education. Ethics, under the guidance of superior value, is a consensus of members and the rule of conduct, which can produce a great driving force and be misused at the same time leading to an uncontrollable situation. Also, the tradition that the society is organized ethically and social issues are solved from ethical perspective both are traced historically, in order to explore the reasons why "morality" develops as a mindset in Chinese society.
Secondly, the academic community is constructed from ethical perspective."Academic integrity", redefined as the union of academic merit and academic norms, which targets at academic sustainable development. The CUDOS set of Mertonian scientific norms is analyzed and classified as academic merit. The academic norms are defined as the rules of conduct and bottom line of the behavior, which should be formulated by the academic community and followed by all members. Improving of students'academic integrity in colleges and universities is the key to reduce academic misconducts.
Thirdly, the successful cases of students'academic integrity improving in US universities are introduced theoretically and practically. The research course of students'academic integrity in US colleges and universities during the recent100 years is reviewed. Nowadays, implementation of academic integrity in American universities can be divided into traditional honor code and modified honor code. Through the comparison of the implementation of honor code in University of Maryland and in Princeton University, the characteristics, rules in composition and evolution of students' academic integrity in US colleges and universities are concluded.
Last but not least, enlightenments of American students' academic integrity implementation in theory and practice in colleges and universities from the perspective of ethics are applied to Chinese situation. This paper proposes the establishment of virtue-norms-legal academic integrity protection mechanism, the responsibility of colleges and universities to improve students' academic integrity, building a feedback mechanism of existing academic integrity, so as to reduce the ever-emerging academic misconducts, and cultivate qualified citizens for the society.
引文
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